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Nonprofiteer
← DUCKS UNLIMITED INC

Form 990 for tax year 2024

Filed by DUCKS UNLIMITED INC.

Totals

Total revenue
$65,801,593
Total expenses
$65,801,593
Contributions and grants received
$38,439,647
Grants paid
$65,746,593
Program service revenue
$0
Investment income
$0
Other revenue
$27,361,946
Total assets, end of year
$0
Total liabilities, end of year
$0
Net assets or fund balances, end of year
$0
Program services expenses (Part IX)
$65,746,593
Management and general expenses
$0
Fundraising expenses
$55,000
Program service expenses (Part III)
$65,746,593

Program services were 99.9% of total expenses calculated — Part IX's program-services column over total expenses, both as filed.

Line items

Every line the filer filed in Parts VIII, IX and X, as filed and in filed order. Blank columns are left out, and the lines are not forced to add up to the totals above.

Revenue

Part VIII, the statement of revenue.

  • 1c · Fundraising events

    $38,439,647

  • 1g · Noncash contributions included above

    $1,440,291

  • 2a · Program service revenue: -

  • 2b · Program service revenue: -

  • 2c · Program service revenue: -

  • 2d · Program service revenue: -

  • 2e · Program service revenue: -

  • 2f · All other program service revenue

    total $0 · related or exempt $0 · unrelated business $0 · excluded $0

  • 6a · Gross rents

    real property $0 · personal property $0

  • 6b · Less rental expenses

    real property $0 · personal property $0

  • 6c · Rental income or loss

    real property $0 · personal property $0

  • 6d · Net rental income or loss

    total $0 · related or exempt $0 · unrelated business $0 · excluded $0

  • 7c · Gain or loss

    securities $0 · other assets $0

  • 8a · Fundraising events: gross income

    $62,794,040

  • 8a · Fundraising events: contributions included on line 1c

    $38,439,647

  • 8b · Fundraising events: direct expenses

    $52,163,389

  • 8c · Net income from fundraising events

    total $10,630,651 · excluded $10,630,651

  • 9a · Gaming: gross income

    $71,452,583

  • 9b · Gaming: direct expenses

    $54,721,288

  • 9c · Net income from gaming

    total $16,731,295 · unrelated business $3,410,875 · excluded $13,320,420

  • 11d · All other revenue

    total $0 · related or exempt $0 · unrelated business $0 · excluded $0

  • 11e · Other revenue, total

    $0

Functional expenses

Part IX, the statement of functional expenses.

  • 1 · Grants to domestic organizations and governments

    total $65,746,593 · program services $65,746,593

  • 11e · Fees: professional fundraising services

    total $55,000 · fundraising $55,000

  • 11g · Fees: other

    total $0 · program services $0 · management and general $0 · fundraising $0

  • 24e · All other expenses

    total $0 · program services $0 · management and general $0 · fundraising $0

Balance sheet

Part X, book values.

  • 1 · Cash, non-interest-bearing

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 2 · Savings and temporary cash investments

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 3 · Pledges and grants receivable

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 4 · Accounts receivable

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 5 · Loans and receivables from officers and key people

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 6 · Loans and receivables from disqualified persons

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 7 · Other notes and loans receivable

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 8 · Inventories for sale or use

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 9 · Prepaid expenses and deferred charges

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 10a · Land, buildings and equipment: cost or other basis

    $0

  • 10b · Land, buildings and equipment: accumulated depreciation

    $0

  • 10c · Land, buildings and equipment, net

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 11 · Investments: publicly traded securities

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 12 · Investments: other securities

    beginning of year $0

  • 13 · Investments: program-related

    beginning of year $0

  • 14 · Intangible assets

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 15 · Other assets

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 17 · Accounts payable and accrued expenses

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 18 · Grants payable

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 19 · Deferred revenue

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 20 · Tax-exempt bond liabilities

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 21 · Escrow or custodial account liability

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 22 · Loans and payables to officers and key people

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 23 · Secured mortgages and notes payable

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 24 · Unsecured notes and loans payable

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 25 · Other liabilities

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 27 · Net assets without donor restrictions

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 28 · Net assets with donor restrictions

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 29 · Capital stock, trust principal or current funds

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 30 · Paid-in or capital surplus, or land, building or equipment fund

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 31 · Retained earnings, endowment or other funds

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

Mission and programs · 2024

Mission

DUCKS UNLIMITED, INC. CONSERVES, RESTORES, AND MANAGES WETLANDS AND ASSOCIATED HABITATS FOR NORTH AMERICA'S WATERFOWL. THESE HABITATS ALSO BENEFIT ADDITIONAL WILDLIFE AND PEOPLE.

Activities or mission (Part I)

DUCKS UNLIMITED, INC CONSERVES, RESTORES, AND MANAGES WETLANDS AND ASSOCIATED HABITATS FOR NORTH AMERICA'S WATERFOWL. THESE HABITATS ALSO BENEFIT OTHER WILDLIFE AND PEOPLE.

  • DIRECT CONTRIBUTION AND GRANTS TO DUCKS UNLIMITED, INC. (FEIN 13-5643799) TO CONSERVE, RESTORE, AND MANAGE WETLANDS AND ASSOCIATED HABITATS FOR NORTH AMERICA'S WATERFOWL.

    Expenses $65,746,593 · Grants $65,746,593

As filed on the 2024 return.

Listed in Part VII

  • Adam Putnam

    Chief Executive Officer

    Total calculated
    $722,570
    From this org
    $0
    From related orgs
    $688,752
    Other
    $33,818
    Hours/week
    20 + 20 related

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $0 + $462,234 related
    Bonus
    $0 + $225,000 related
    Other
    $0 + $1,518 related
    Deferred
    $0 + $22,110 related
    Nontaxable benefits
    $0 + $11,708 related
    Filer's total
    $0 + $722,570 related
  • Bob Hester

    Secretary

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Bob Spoerl

    President

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    20 + 10 related
  • Chuck Smith

    Chairman of the Board

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Rex Schulz

    First Vice President

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • William C Ansell

    Treasurer

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Brad Hempkins

    Regional Vice President - Region 8

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Brian Garrels Jr

    Flyway SVP - Region 5

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Bridger Pierce

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Connie Parker

    Advisory SVP - Volunteer Engagement

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Dave Bowers

    Regional Vice President - Region 3

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • David Keller

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Don Marold

    Regional Vice President - Region 5

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Doug Burch

    Emeritus Board

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Doug D Frey Jr

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Doug Schoenrock

    Past President

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Dr Christine Thomas

    Advisory SVP - Conservation

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Edward May

    Regional Vice President - Region 1

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Ellen Wehr

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Eric Demers MD

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Greg Meissner

    Regional Vice President - Region 3

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Jack Hole

    DUMAC

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Jack Witt

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • James Vachris

    Flyway SVP - Region 6

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Jan Young

    Regional Vice President - Region 1

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Jared Brown

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Jason Cormier MD

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Jason Stewart

    Advisory SVP - Technology

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Jay Owen

    Flyway SVP - Region 4

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Jeff Heidelbauer

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Jeff Maletzke MD

    Flyway SVP - Region 3

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Jeffrey Holliday

    Regional Vice President - Region 6

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Joe Stough

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • John A Tomke

    DUMAC

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 10 related
  • John Notarangelo

    Regional Vice President - Region 6

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Julian Ottley

    Flyway SVP - Region 7

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Kathy Christian

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Ken Carroll

    Advisory SVP - Youth & Education

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Larry Jensen Jr

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Matt Dubnik

    Advisory SVP - Marketing/Communications

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Matt Robinson

    Regional Vice President - Region 4

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Max Finazzo

    Regional Vice President - Region 7

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Michael Bulk

    Regional Vice President - Region 2

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Michael Scuse

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Mike Benge

    Advisory SVP - Development

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Mike McShane

    Advisory SVP - Public Policy

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Mikkel Anderson

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Mindy West

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Nick Lichenstein

    Regional Vice President - Region 4

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Nick Moss

    Flyway SVP - Region 8

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Patrick O'Connor

    DUC

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Paul R Bonderson

    AT-LARGE DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Paul Warren

    Regional Vice President - Region 7

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Randall Cole

    Regional Vice President - Region 8

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Robert Gokey

    Advisory SVP - Membership

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Roger d'Eschambault

    DUC

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Rogers Hoyt Jr

    Past President

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Sam Smolik

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Scott Johnson

    Regional Vice President - Region 2

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Scott Stamerjohn

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Shawn Graham Jr

    DUC

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 5 related
  • Steve Christian

    Flyway SVP - Region 2

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Steve Maritz

    Chairman, Wetlands America Trust, Inc.

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 20 related
  • Tab Casper

    Regional Vice President - Region 5

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Tammi Kircher

    Advisory SVP - Event Management

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Teresa Keating

    Advisory SVP - Sustainability

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Tom Enos

    Flyway SVP - Region 1

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Tom Jernigan

    Advisory SVP - Corporate Relations

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    10 + 10 related
  • Wendell W Weakley

    At-Large Director

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5 + 15 related
  • Daniel Thiel

    Executive Secretary, DUI and WAT

    Total calculated
    $400,950
    From this org
    $0
    From related orgs
    $362,702
    Other
    $38,248
    Hours/week
    20 + 30 related

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $0 + $284,555 related
    Bonus
    $0 + $73,791 related
    Other
    $0 + $4,356 related
    Deferred
    $0 + $26,540 related
    Nontaxable benefits
    $0 + $11,708 related
    Filer's total
    $0 + $400,950 related
  • Darin R Blunck

    Chief Financial Officer & Asst. Treasurer

    Total calculated
    $386,156
    From this org
    $0
    From related orgs
    $346,608
    Other
    $39,548
    Hours/week
    20 + 30 related

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $0 + $272,562 related
    Bonus
    $0 + $72,528 related
    Other
    $0 + $1,518 related
    Deferred
    $0 + $27,840 related
    Nontaxable benefits
    $0 + $11,708 related
    Filer's total
    $0 + $386,156 related
  • David A Marrone

    General Counsel & Asst. Secretary

    Total calculated
    $348,040
    From this org
    $0
    From related orgs
    $308,664
    Other
    $39,376
    Hours/week
    20 + 30 related

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $0 + $241,162 related
    Bonus
    $0 + $64,664 related
    Other
    $0 + $2,838 related
    Deferred
    $0 + $27,668 related
    Nontaxable benefits
    $0 + $11,708 related
    Filer's total
    $0 + $348,040 related
  • David Schuessler

    Chief Event Fundraising Officer

    Total calculated
    $400,309
    From this org
    $0
    From related orgs
    $362,100
    Other
    $38,209
    Hours/week
    20 + 20 related

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $0 + $273,481 related
    Bonus
    $0 + $87,101 related
    Other
    $0 + $1,518 related
    Deferred
    $0 + $26,501 related
    Nontaxable benefits
    $0 + $11,708 related
    Filer's total
    $0 + $400,309 related
  • E Nichols Wiley

    Chief Operating Officer

    Total calculated
    $548,742
    From this org
    $0
    From related orgs
    $516,769
    Other
    $31,973
    Hours/week
    20 + 20 related

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $0 + $358,840 related
    Bonus
    $0 + $153,573 related
    Other
    $0 + $4,356 related
    Deferred
    $0 + $20,265 related
    Nontaxable benefits
    $0 + $11,708 related
    Filer's total
    $0 + $548,742 related
  • Karen Waldrop PhD

    Chief Conservation Officer

    Total calculated
    $441,256
    From this org
    $0
    From related orgs
    $407,043
    Other
    $34,213
    Hours/week
    20 + 25 related

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $0 + $313,641 related
    Bonus
    $0 + $91,884 related
    Other
    $0 + $1,518 related
    Deferred
    $0 + $22,505 related
    Nontaxable benefits
    $0 + $11,708 related
    Filer's total
    $0 + $441,256 related
  • Richard B Smith

    Chief Development Officer

    Total calculated
    $431,471
    From this org
    $0
    From related orgs
    $390,674
    Other
    $40,797
    Hours/week
    20 + 20 related

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $0 + $300,735 related
    Bonus
    $0 + $87,101 related
    Other
    $0 + $2,838 related
    Deferred
    $0 + $29,089 related
    Nontaxable benefits
    $0 + $11,708 related
    Filer's total
    $0 + $431,471 related
  • Arnie Matson

    Chief Information Officer

    Total calculated
    $338,933
    From this org
    $0
    From related orgs
    $305,855
    Other
    $33,078
    Hours/week
    20 + 20 related

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $0 + $235,233 related
    Bonus
    $0 + $67,784 related
    Other
    $0 + $2,838 related
    Deferred
    $0 + $21,370 related
    Nontaxable benefits
    $0 + $11,708 related
    Filer's total
    $0 + $338,933 related
  • Chad Manlove

    NATIONAL DIRECTOR OF DEVELOPMENT

    Total calculated
    $407,491
    From this org
    $0
    From related orgs
    $375,114
    Other
    $32,377
    Hours/week
    20 + 20 related

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $0 + $293,533 related
    Bonus
    $0 + $42,204 related
    Other
    $0 + $39,377 related
    Deferred
    $0 + $20,669 related
    Nontaxable benefits
    $0 + $11,708 related
    Filer's total
    $0 + $407,491 related
  • Cici Ebersole

    Chief Talent Officer

    Total calculated
    $336,063
    From this org
    $0
    From related orgs
    $302,473
    Other
    $33,590
    Hours/week
    20 + 20 related

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $0 + $236,276 related
    Bonus
    $0 + $64,679 related
    Other
    $0 + $1,518 related
    Deferred
    $0 + $21,882 related
    Nontaxable benefits
    $0 + $11,708 related
    Filer's total
    $0 + $336,063 related
  • Doug Barnes

    Chief Brand Officer

    Total calculated
    $352,838
    From this org
    $0
    From related orgs
    $316,054
    Other
    $36,784
    Hours/week
    20 + 20 related

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $0 + $239,498 related
    Bonus
    $0 + $68,174 related
    Other
    $0 + $8,382 related
    Deferred
    $0 + $25,076 related
    Nontaxable benefits
    $0 + $11,708 related
    Filer's total
    $0 + $352,838 related
  • Zachary Hartman

    Chief Policy Officer

    Total calculated
    $335,486
    From this org
    $0
    From related orgs
    $302,424
    Other
    $33,062
    Hours/week
    20 + 20 related

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $0 + $235,987 related
    Bonus
    $0 + $65,447 related
    Other
    $0 + $990 related
    Deferred
    $0 + $21,354 related
    Nontaxable benefits
    $0 + $11,708 related
    Filer's total
    $0 + $335,486 related

Compensation is as filed in Part VII: reportable pay from this organization and from related organizations, other compensation, and hours per week. The total, marked calculated, is our sum of the three dollar columns, with a blank column counted as $0; the form itself has no total. On a Form 990-EZ the columns are Part IV's instead, and on a Form 990-PF Part VIII's — compensation, contributions to benefit plans, and expense account — and the total sums those. A Schedule J breakdown is as filed: base pay, bonus, other, deferred compensation and nontaxable benefits from this organization, with any from related organizations beside each, and the filer's own total. It is shown with the Part VII listing of the same name on the same return. The form gives no key between the two, so that pairing is ours, and is marked matched by us.

Schedule J

Answered yes

  • 5a · Pay contingent on this organization's revenues
  • 5b · Pay contingent on a related organization's revenues
  • 6a · Pay contingent on this organization's net earnings
  • 6b · Pay contingent on a related organization's net earnings

Answered no

  • 4a · Severance or change-of-control payment
  • 4b · Supplemental nonqualified retirement plan
  • 4c · Equity-based compensation arrangement
  • 7 · Other non-fixed payments
  • 8 · Paid under the initial-contract exception

The filer's explanations (Part III)

Schedule J, Part I, Line 5a Compensation contingent on revenues of the organization
ALL REGULAR, BENEFITS-ELIGIBLE EMPLOYEES PARTICIPATE IN A VARIABLE COMPENSATION PLAN THAT IS BASED ON MEETING BUDGETED GOALS FOR REVENUE, INCOME, EXPENSE EFFICIENCY, MEMBERSHIP AND ACRES PROTECTED.
Schedule J, Part I, Line 5b Compensation contingent on revenues of a related organization
ALL REGULAR, BENEFITS-ELIGIBLE EMPLOYEES PARTICIPATE IN A VARIABLE COMPENSATION PLAN THAT IS BASED ON MEETING BUDGETED GOALS FOR REVENUE, INCOME, EXPENSE EFFICIENCY, MEMBERSHIP AND ACRES PROTECTED.
Schedule J, Part I, Line 6a Compensation contingent on net earnings of the organization
ALL REGULAR, BENEFITS-ELIGIBLE EMPLOYEES PARTICIPATE IN A VARIABLE COMPENSATION PLAN THAT IS BASED ON MEETING BUDGETED GOALS FOR REVENUE, INCOME, EXPENSE EFFICIENCY, MEMBERSHIP AND ACRES PROTECTED.
Schedule J, Part I, Line 6b Compensation contingent on net earnings of a related organization
ALL REGULAR, BENEFITS-ELIGIBLE EMPLOYEES PARTICIPATE IN A VARIABLE COMPENSATION PLAN THAT IS BASED ON MEETING BUDGETED GOALS FOR REVENUE, INCOME, EXPENSE EFFICIENCY, MEMBERSHIP AND ACRES PROTECTED.
Schedule J, Part I, Line 3
DUCKS UNLIMITED INC. (DUI), A RELATED ORG, PAYS THE CEO/EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR. IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH COMPENSATION, DUI USES A COMPENSATION COMMITTEE, INDEPENDENT COMPENSATION CONSULTANT, COMPENSATION SURVEY AND REQUIRES APPROVAL BY THE PERSONNEL POLICY COMMITTEE. DUCKS UNLIMITED GROUP, INC. DOES NOT DIRECTLY PAY THE CEO/EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR.

Part I's answers as filed. A line not listed was left unanswered; on lines 1a and 3 that means the box was not checked.

Grants on this return

Related organizations on this return

Schedule R Part II: tax-exempt organizations related to the filer by control. It does not record shared board members or money.

Provenance

Return type
form_990
Tax year
2024
Filed
13 May 2026
IRS schema version
2024v5.1
Source object
202601339349300510

Check it against the return as filed: the GivingTuesday Data Lake hosts a public copy of the original XML.

The source document this was parsed from is served over the API, which is where bulk and document access live.