Skip to content
Nonprofiteer
← NATIONAL 4-H COUNCIL

Form 990 for tax year 2023

Filed by NATIONAL 4-H COUNCIL.

This return was superseded by a later amendment. matched by us It is kept because history is preserved rather than replaced.

What the amendment changed

Compared with the latest return for 2023 , filed 10 May 2025. matched by us Only the return's totals, a 990-PF's accounting method and the names listed in Part VII (Part VIII on a 990-PF) are compared. We relate returns by organization, tax year and form, and order them by each return's own timestamp; the filer's own "amended return" checkbox is a separate fact.

Total revenue
$38,438,237 changed to $8,791,277
Total expenses
$44,241,203 changed to $17,196,098
Contributions and grants received
$30,711,981 changed to $4,279,421
Grants paid
$9,793,439 changed to $1,527,898
Program service revenue
$2,295,854 changed to $2,129,883
Investment income
$2,781,390 changed to $1,941,046
Other revenue
$2,649,012 changed to $440,927
Total assets, end of year
$140,105,512 changed to $130,628,604
Total liabilities, end of year
$21,403,653 changed to $19,467,363
Net assets or fund balances, end of year
$118,701,859 changed to $111,161,241
Program services expenses
$28,165,891 changed to $11,476,020
Management and general expenses
$9,334,467 changed to $3,161,427
Fundraising expenses
$6,740,845 changed to $2,558,651
Program service expenses (Part III)
$28,165,891 changed to $11,476,020

Listed only on the earlier return

  • Andrew Ferrin
  • Carla Hall
  • Danelle Sabathier
  • David L Epstein
  • Estella McCollum
  • Heather Elliott
  • Ivan Heredia
  • JACKIE APPLEGATE PhD
  • Jennifer Sirangelo
  • Jessica Murray
  • Jon Boren Ph D
  • Krishna Yendluri
  • Priya Kumar
  • Shawnda Howard
  • Yi Tang

Listed only on the later return

  • Darci Vetter
  • JACKIE Applegate PhD Jackie
  • Janice Abraham

Listed under a different title

  • Aidan Spencer: TRUSTEE then Member, Board of Trustees
  • Alysia Borsa: TRUSTEE then Member, Board of Trustees
  • Dana McNabb: TRUSTEE then Member, Board of Trustees
  • Danielle Tiedt: TRUSTEE then Member, Board of Trustees
  • E Gordon Gee PhD: TRUSTEE then Member, Board of Trustees
  • John Ordus: TRUSTEE then Member, Board of Trustees
  • Laura Stephenson PhD: TRUSTEE then Member, Board of Trustees
  • Leslie Coleman: TRUSTEE then Member, Board of Trustees
  • Maggie Sans: TRUSTEE then Member, Board of Trustees
  • Mark Berven: TRUSTEE then Member, Board of Trustees
  • Martha Bernadett MD MBA: TRUSTEE then Member, Board of Trustees
  • Mary Snapp: TRUSTEE then Member, Board of Trustees
  • Richard Maltsbarger: TRUSTEE then Member, Board of Trustees
  • Robert J Jones PhD: TRUSTEE then Member, Board of Trustees
  • Stan Harrell: SVP, CFO (AS OF 3/6/23) then SVP, CFAO (AS OF 3/6/23)
  • Tiffany Atwell: TRUSTEE then Member, Board of Trustees
  • Trent McKnight: TRUSTEE then Member, Board of Trustees

Totals

Total revenue
$38,438,237
Total expenses
$44,241,203
Contributions and grants received
$30,711,981
Grants paid
$9,793,439
Program service revenue
$2,295,854
Investment income
$2,781,390
Other revenue
$2,649,012
Total assets, end of year
$140,105,512
Total liabilities, end of year
$21,403,653
Net assets or fund balances, end of year
$118,701,859
Program services expenses (Part IX)
$28,165,891
Management and general expenses
$9,334,467
Fundraising expenses
$6,740,845
Program service expenses (Part III)
$28,165,891

Program services were 63.7% of total expenses calculated — Part IX's program-services column over total expenses, both as filed.

Line items

Every line the filer filed in Parts VIII, IX and X, as filed and in filed order. Blank columns are left out, and the lines are not forced to add up to the totals above.

Revenue

Part VIII, the statement of revenue.

  • 1a · Federated campaigns

    $9,216

  • 1e · Government grants (contributions)

    $1,588,139

  • 1f · All other contributions, gifts and grants

    $29,114,626

  • 2a · Program service revenue: OTHER PROGRAM SERVICE REVENUE

    total $2,295,854 · related or exempt $2,295,854

  • 3 · Investment income

    total $2,634,002 · unrelated business $0 · excluded $2,634,002

  • 4 · Income from investment of tax-exempt bond proceeds

    total $0

  • 5 · Royalties

    total $0

  • 6c · Rental income or loss

    real property $0 · personal property $0

  • 6d · Net rental income or loss

    total $0

  • 7a · Gross sales of assets other than inventory

    securities $102,027,172

  • 7b · Less cost or other basis and sales expenses

    securities $101,879,784

  • 7c · Gain or loss

    securities $147,388

  • 7d · Net gain or loss

    total $147,388 · excluded $147,388

  • 8a · Fundraising events: gross income

    $0

  • 8b · Fundraising events: direct expenses

    $0

  • 8c · Net income from fundraising events

    total $0

  • 9a · Gaming: gross income

    $0

  • 9b · Gaming: direct expenses

    $0

  • 9c · Net income from gaming

    total $0

  • 10a · Gross sales of inventory

    $4,321,350

  • 10b · Cost of goods sold

    $1,672,338

  • 10c · Net income from sales of inventory

    total $2,649,012 · related or exempt $2,649,012

  • 11e · Other revenue, total

    $0

Functional expenses

Part IX, the statement of functional expenses.

  • 1 · Grants to domestic organizations and governments

    total $9,786,239 · program services $9,786,239

  • 2 · Grants to domestic individuals

    total $7,200 · program services $7,200

  • 3 · Grants to foreign organizations and individuals

    total $0

  • 4 · Benefits paid to or for members

    total $0

  • 5 · Compensation of officers, directors and key employees

    total $2,467,286 · program services $90,370 · management and general $1,721,835 · fundraising $655,081

  • 6 · Compensation of disqualified persons

    total $0

  • 7 · Other salaries and wages

    total $11,222,333 · program services $5,163,260 · management and general $2,789,561 · fundraising $3,269,512

  • 8 · Pension plan contributions

    total $410,806 · program services $157,654 · management and general $135,381 · fundraising $117,771

  • 9 · Other employee benefits

    total $1,340,030 · program services $514,260 · management and general $441,605 · fundraising $384,165

  • 10 · Payroll taxes

    total $852,873 · program services $327,305 · management and general $281,063 · fundraising $244,505

  • 11a · Fees: management

    total $0

  • 11b · Fees: legal

    total $508,645 · management and general $508,645

  • 11c · Fees: accounting

    total $198,011 · management and general $198,011

  • 11d · Fees: lobbying

    total $180,250 · program services $180,250

  • 11e · Fees: professional fundraising services

    total $275,442 · fundraising $275,442

  • 11f · Fees: investment management

    total $252,856 · management and general $252,856

  • 11g · Fees: other

    total $5,963,866 · program services $4,265,009 · management and general $1,444,559 · fundraising $254,298

  • 12 · Advertising and promotion

    total $619,112 · program services $522,776 · fundraising $96,336

  • 13 · Office expenses

    total $1,241,699 · program services $892,571 · management and general $181,454 · fundraising $167,674

  • 14 · Information technology

    total $2,635,784 · program services $1,629,481 · management and general $540,481 · fundraising $465,822

  • 15 · Royalties

    total $67,051 · program services $67,051

  • 16 · Occupancy

    total $899,540 · program services $429,018 · management and general $253,254 · fundraising $217,268

  • 17 · Travel

    total $1,085,666 · program services $573,182 · management and general $208,631 · fundraising $303,853

  • 18 · Travel or entertainment for public officials

    total $0

  • 19 · Conferences, conventions and meetings

    total $3,228,215 · program services $2,995,414 · management and general $143,131 · fundraising $89,670

  • 20 · Interest

    total $0

  • 21 · Payments to affiliates

    total $0

  • 22 · Depreciation, depletion and amortization

    total $777,431 · program services $448,272 · management and general $152,856 · fundraising $176,303

  • 23 · Insurance

    total $77,818 · program services $23,354 · management and general $37,018 · fundraising $17,446

  • 24a · Other expenses: DUES & SUBSCRIPTION

    total $108,623 · program services $62,085 · management and general $42,125 · fundraising $4,413

  • 24b · Other expenses: OTHER

    total $34,427 · program services $31,140 · management and general $2,001 · fundraising $1,286

Balance sheet

Part X, book values.

  • 1 · Cash, non-interest-bearing

    beginning of year $23,215,915 · end of year $4,163,072

  • 2 · Savings and temporary cash investments

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 3 · Pledges and grants receivable

    beginning of year $9,204,271 · end of year $15,967,908

  • 4 · Accounts receivable

    beginning of year $1,649,822 · end of year $132,973

  • 5 · Loans and receivables from officers and key people

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 6 · Loans and receivables from disqualified persons

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 7 · Other notes and loans receivable

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 8 · Inventories for sale or use

    beginning of year $1,630,983 · end of year $1,658,987

  • 9 · Prepaid expenses and deferred charges

    beginning of year $937,410 · end of year $2,361,122

  • 10a · Land, buildings and equipment: cost or other basis

    $5,209,316

  • 10b · Land, buildings and equipment: accumulated depreciation

    $1,274,606

  • 10c · Land, buildings and equipment, net

    beginning of year $3,439,771 · end of year $3,934,710

  • 11 · Investments: publicly traded securities

    beginning of year $86,929,860 · end of year $104,153,798

  • 12 · Investments: other securities

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 13 · Investments: program-related

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 14 · Intangible assets

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 15 · Other assets

    beginning of year $7,778,684 · end of year $7,732,942

  • 17 · Accounts payable and accrued expenses

    beginning of year $7,246,098 · end of year $5,487,209

  • 18 · Grants payable

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 19 · Deferred revenue

    beginning of year $895,439 · end of year $1,509,390

  • 20 · Tax-exempt bond liabilities

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 21 · Escrow or custodial account liability

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 22 · Loans and payables to officers and key people

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 23 · Secured mortgages and notes payable

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 24 · Unsecured notes and loans payable

    beginning of year $0 · end of year $0

  • 25 · Other liabilities

    beginning of year $12,969,475 · end of year $14,407,054

  • 27 · Net assets without donor restrictions

    beginning of year $76,335,858 · end of year $78,308,359

  • 28 · Net assets with donor restrictions

    beginning of year $37,339,846 · end of year $40,393,500

Mission and programs · 2023

Mission

NATIONAL 4-H COUNCIL'S MISSION IS TO EXPAND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALL OF AMERICA'S YOUTH THROUGH INCREASED INVESTMENT AND PARTICIPATION IN 4-H POSITIVE YOUTH DEVELOPMENT. THE 4-H SYSTEM IS COMPRISED OF A UNIQUE PRIVATE-PUBLIC PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN OUR NATION'S LAND-GRANT UNIVERSITIES, FEDERAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, FOUNDATIONS AND PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. THESE PARTNERS WORK TOGETHER TO PROVIDE RICH EDUCATIONAL CONTENT AND CURRICULA, CUTTING-EDGE TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATIVE THOUGHT-LEADERSHIP.

Activities or mission (Part I)

SEE SCHEDULE O

  • Scaling PYD By harnessing the national and local power of the 4-H network, we are expanding the capacity of our 3,000+ educators and ~500,000 volunteers, scaling programming to accelerate our impact, and amplifying youth voice. Through this work, we are empowering our six million 4-H'ers to be ready for work and life. This is particularly important for youth in rural areas, as 4-H is the only youth development organization with reach in every county and parish in the country.

    Expenses $11,329,877 · Grants $8,235,418

  • Educator Experiences Our highly-trained educators and volunteers are critical for the development and delivery of our quality programming. Through online and in-person courses, conferences and immersions, the 4-H PYD Academy provides research-backed learning opportunities that equip 4-H educators and volunteers with the essential knowledge and skills to plan, implement, and evaluate high-quality PYD programs that help youth thrive. The only online platform to offer engaging, research-based youth and educator content from 100+ universities and 4-H local programming, CLOVER by 4-H extends educator reach by providing over 300 hands-on, educational resources to youth and their caregivers anytime, anywhere.

    Expenses $7,896,450 · Grants $374,177 · Revenue $2,655,135

  • PYD Events Millions of young people lack access to opportunities that would develop the skills they need to succeed, including confidence, teamwork, creativity, and innovation. 4-H's national youth events engage teens and educators from around the country to find answers to problems and equip them to create change. This empowers them to become leaders; the next wave of innovators who influence others and live the ideals that foster a vibrant and creative economy. Our annual youth events, Ignite by 4-H and Citizenship Washington Focus, see high school students and Extension professionals convene in the Washington, D.C. area for immersive experiences that empower them to connect and find their spark. Ignite attendees explore the best 4-H has to offer in STEM, Agriscience, Healthy Living, Career Readiness, and Emotional Well-being through experiences that include career panels, career preparation, educational workshops, and the development of local engagement plans, while CWF attendees experience hands-on educational workshops, tour Washington, D.C.'s living classrooms, and meet with members of Congress to build the skills to be active citizens in their local communities.

    Expenses $6,262,184 · Grants $1,102,016 · Revenue $2,220,331

  • OTHER PROGRAMS: 4-H STORY, EXT RELATIONS

    Expenses $2,677,380 · Grants $81,828 · Revenue $69,400

As filed on the 2023 return. The filer continues this part on Schedule O, which is not shown here.

Listed in Part VII

  • Jennifer Sirangelo

    PRESIDENT&CEO (THRU 9/1/23)

    Total calculated
    $523,372
    From this org
    $464,875
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $58,497
    Hours/week
    40

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $464,015
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $860
    Deferred
    $36,115
    Nontaxable benefits
    $22,382
    Filer's total
    $523,372
  • Jill Bramble

    PRESIDENT&CEO (AS OF 08/20/23)

    Total calculated
    $487,631
    From this org
    $423,829
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $63,802
    Hours/week
    40

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $422,587
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $1,242
    Deferred
    $22,735
    Nontaxable benefits
    $41,067
    Filer's total
    $487,631
  • Ivan Heredia

    SVP, CHIEF MARKETING OFFICER

    Total calculated
    $418,631
    From this org
    $357,314
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $61,317
    Hours/week
    40

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $331,504
    Bonus
    $25,000
    Other
    $810
    Deferred
    $22,264
    Nontaxable benefits
    $39,053
    Filer's total
    $418,631
  • Andrew Ferrin

    SVP, CHIEF STRATEGY OFFICER

    Total calculated
    $357,525
    From this org
    $305,283
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $52,242
    Hours/week
    40

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $301,719
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $3,564
    Deferred
    $22,240
    Nontaxable benefits
    $30,002
    Filer's total
    $357,525
  • Heather Elliott

    SVP, CHIEF DEVELOPMENT OFFICER

    Total calculated
    $344,517
    From this org
    $294,883
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $49,634
    Hours/week
    40

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $294,415
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $468
    Deferred
    $21,600
    Nontaxable benefits
    $28,034
    Filer's total
    $344,517
  • Stan Harrell

    SVP, CFO (AS OF 3/6/23)

    Total calculated
    $308,535
    From this org
    $290,646
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $17,889
    Hours/week
    40

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $285,107
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $5,539
    Deferred
    $13,500
    Nontaxable benefits
    $4,389
    Filer's total
    $308,535
  • Shawnda Howard

    VP, PEOPLE & CULTURE

    Total calculated
    $261,021
    From this org
    $216,249
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $44,772
    Hours/week
    40

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $215,007
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $1,242
    Deferred
    $17,935
    Nontaxable benefits
    $26,837
    Filer's total
    $261,021
  • Jessica Murray

    VP, CONTROLLER

    Total calculated
    $234,772
    From this org
    $190,752
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $44,020
    Hours/week
    40

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $190,212
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $540
    Deferred
    $8,143
    Nontaxable benefits
    $35,877
    Filer's total
    $234,772
  • Yi Tang

    Sp. Asst to CEO(THRU 03/31/23)

    Total calculated
    $225,120
    From this org
    $210,832
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $14,288
    Hours/week
    40

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $210,450
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $382
    Deferred
    $6,807
    Nontaxable benefits
    $7,481
    Filer's total
    $225,120
  • Krishna Yendluri

    VP, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

    Total calculated
    $210,306
    From this org
    $201,242
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $9,064
    Hours/week
    40

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $200,000
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $1,242
    Deferred
    $6,154
    Nontaxable benefits
    $2,910
    Filer's total
    $210,306
  • Danelle Sabathier

    VP, DIGITAL STRATEGY

    Total calculated
    $205,627
    From this org
    $194,914
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $10,713
    Hours/week
    40

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $193,025
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $1,889
    Deferred
    $4,892
    Nontaxable benefits
    $5,821
    Filer's total
    $205,627
  • Estella McCollum

    VP, ECOMMERCE & Bus Devel

    Total calculated
    $201,444
    From this org
    $187,555
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $13,889
    Hours/week
    40

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $186,918
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $637
    Deferred
    $7,614
    Nontaxable benefits
    $6,275
    Filer's total
    $201,444
  • Krysta Harden

    CHAIR, BOARD OF TRUSTEES

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    4
  • Juliette B Bell PhD

    VICE CHAIR, BOARD OF TRUSTEES

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Wade Miquelon

    TREASURER, BOARD OF TRUSTEES

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • JACKIE APPLEGATE PhD

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Tiffany Atwell

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Martha Bernadett MD MBA

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Mark Berven

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Alysia Borsa

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Leslie Coleman

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • E Gordon Gee PhD

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Robert J Jones PhD

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Richard Maltsbarger

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Trent McKnight

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Dana McNabb

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • John Ordus

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Maggie Sans

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Mary Snapp

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Aidan Spencer

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Laura Stephenson PhD

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Danielle Tiedt

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Jon Boren Ph D

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • David L Epstein

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Carla Hall

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Priya Kumar

    TRUSTEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • Janis Penman

    SECRETARY

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2

Compensation is as filed in Part VII: reportable pay from this organization and from related organizations, other compensation, and hours per week. The total, marked calculated, is our sum of the three dollar columns, with a blank column counted as $0; the form itself has no total. On a Form 990-EZ the columns are Part IV's instead, and on a Form 990-PF Part VIII's — compensation, contributions to benefit plans, and expense account — and the total sums those. A Schedule J breakdown is as filed: base pay, bonus, other, deferred compensation and nontaxable benefits from this organization, with any from related organizations beside each, and the filer's own total. It is shown with the Part VII listing of the same name on the same return. The form gives no key between the two, so that pairing is ours, and is marked matched by us.

Schedule J

Answered yes

  • 3 · Form 990 of other organizations
  • 3 · Compensation survey or study
  • 3 · Approval by the board or compensation committee
  • 4b · Supplemental nonqualified retirement plan

Answered no

  • 4a · Severance or change-of-control payment
  • 4c · Equity-based compensation arrangement
  • 5a · Pay contingent on this organization's revenues
  • 5b · Pay contingent on a related organization's revenues
  • 6a · Pay contingent on this organization's net earnings
  • 6b · Pay contingent on a related organization's net earnings
  • 7 · Other non-fixed payments
  • 8 · Paid under the initial-contract exception

The filer's explanations (Part III)

SCHEDULE J, PART I, LINE 4B:
KEY EMPLOYEES AND OFFICERS PARTICIPATED IN A SECTION 457 PLAN SPONSORED BY NATIONAL 4-H COUNCIL. ALL HAD CONTRIBUTIONS MADE TO THEIR PLAN BY NATIONAL 4 H COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023. JENNIFER SIRANGELO AND JILL BRAMBLE EACH HAD A CONTRIBUTION OF $20,500. IVAN HEREDIA, ANDREW FERRIN, HEATHER ELLIOTT, STAN HARRELL AND SHAWNDA HOWARD EACH HAD A CONTRIBUTION OF $10,000. NATIONAL 4-H COUNCIL MAINTAINS AN INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNT THAT IS CREDITED WITH THE CONTRIBTUIONS AND ANY GAINS, LOSSES AND EARNINGS BASED UPON THE TERMS OF THE PLAN WITH EXECUTIVE'S RIGHTS VESTING ANNUALLY ON DECEMBER 31.

Part I's answers as filed. A line not listed was left unanswered; on lines 1a and 3 that means the box was not checked.

Grants on this return

The 10 largest by cash amount. The API serves every itemized grant.

Related organizations on this return

Schedule R Part II: tax-exempt organizations related to the filer by control. It does not record shared board members or money.

Provenance

Return type
form_990
Tax year
2023
Filed
15 January 2025
IRS schema version
2023v6.0
Source object
202530159349302498

Check it against the return as filed: the GivingTuesday Data Lake hosts a public copy of the original XML.

The source document this was parsed from is served over the API, which is where bulk and document access live.