Skip to content
Nonprofiteer
← HABITIAT FOR HUMANITY INTERNATIONAL INC

Form 990 for tax year 2022

Filed by HABITIAT FOR HUMANITY INTERNATIONAL INC.

Totals

Total revenue
$13,856,593
Total expenses
$16,410,836
Contributions and grants received
$9,778,796
Grants paid
$10,078,935
Program service revenue
$5,511,133
Investment income
$1,245,365
Other revenue
-$2,678,701
Total assets, end of year
$54,820,928
Total liabilities, end of year
$14,353,841
Net assets or fund balances, end of year
$40,467,087
Program services expenses (Part IX)
$13,742,406
Management and general expenses
$1,532,953
Fundraising expenses
$1,135,477
Program service expenses (Part III)
$13,742,406

Program services were 83.7% of total expenses calculated — Part IX's program-services column over total expenses, both as filed.

Line items

Every line the filer filed in Parts VIII, IX and X, as filed and in filed order. Blank columns are left out, and the lines are not forced to add up to the totals above.

Revenue

Part VIII, the statement of revenue.

  • 1c · Fundraising events

    $565,534

  • 1e · Government grants (contributions)

    $1,072,483

  • 1f · All other contributions, gifts and grants

    $8,140,779

  • 1g · Noncash contributions included above

    $3,137,956

  • 2a · Program service revenue: HOME SALES

    total $3,872,540 · related or exempt $3,872,540

  • 2b · Program service revenue: HOME REPAIR

    total $1,638,593 · related or exempt $1,638,593

  • 3 · Investment income

    total $292,042 · excluded $292,042

  • 6a · Gross rents

    real property $10,124

  • 6b · Less rental expenses

    real property $120,484

  • 6c · Rental income or loss

    real property -$110,360

  • 6d · Net rental income or loss

    total -$110,360 · excluded -$110,360

  • 7a · Gross sales of assets other than inventory

    securities $4,491,273 · other assets $1,061,018

  • 7b · Less cost or other basis and sales expenses

    securities $4,568,248 · other assets $30,720

  • 7c · Gain or loss

    securities -$76,975 · other assets $1,030,298

  • 7d · Net gain or loss

    total $953,323 · excluded $953,323

  • 8a · Fundraising events: gross income

    $137,735

  • 8a · Fundraising events: contributions included on line 1c

    $565,534

  • 8b · Fundraising events: direct expenses

    $188,677

  • 8c · Net income from fundraising events

    total -$50,942 · excluded -$50,942

  • 10a · Gross sales of inventory

    $4,813,542

  • 10b · Cost of goods sold

    $7,374,669

  • 10c · Net income from sales of inventory

    total -$2,561,127 · related or exempt -$2,087,737 · unrelated business -$473,390

  • 11a · Other revenue: OTHER INCOME

    total $42,766 · excluded $42,766

  • 11b · Other revenue: LATE PAYMENT PENALTIES

    total $962 · related or exempt $962

  • 11e · Other revenue, total

    $43,728

Functional expenses

Part IX, the statement of functional expenses.

  • 1 · Grants to domestic organizations and governments

    total $196,975 · program services $196,975

  • 2 · Grants to domestic individuals

    total $9,881,960 · program services $9,881,960

  • 5 · Compensation of officers, directors and key employees

    total $460,094 · program services $93,883 · management and general $366,211

  • 7 · Other salaries and wages

    total $3,850,455 · program services $2,200,263 · management and general $888,177 · fundraising $762,015

  • 8 · Pension plan contributions

    total $154,456 · program services $88,540 · management and general $34,911 · fundraising $31,005

  • 9 · Other employee benefits

    total $475,766 · program services $297,754 · management and general $75,483 · fundraising $102,529

  • 10 · Payroll taxes

    total $369,148 · program services $173,524 · management and general $137,686 · fundraising $57,938

  • 11b · Fees: legal

    total $14,843 · management and general $14,843

  • 11c · Fees: accounting

    total $68,803 · management and general $68,803

  • 11e · Fees: professional fundraising services

    total $49,023 · fundraising $49,023

  • 11f · Fees: investment management

    total $40,695 · management and general $40,695

  • 11g · Fees: other

    total $99,177 · program services $3,579 · management and general $72,048 · fundraising $23,550

  • 12 · Advertising and promotion

    total $183,205 · fundraising $183,205

  • 13 · Office expenses

    total $109,028 · program services $25,445 · management and general $73,276 · fundraising $10,307

  • 14 · Information technology

    total $215,606 · management and general $166,657 · fundraising $48,949

  • 16 · Occupancy

    total $52,737 · management and general $52,737

  • 17 · Travel

    total $189,385 · program services $100,854 · management and general $73,164 · fundraising $15,367

  • 20 · Interest

    total $300,082 · management and general $300,082

  • 22 · Depreciation, depletion and amortization

    total $52,775 · program services $41,819 · management and general $10,799 · fundraising $157

  • 23 · Insurance

    total $213,399 · program services $161,775 · management and general $50,633 · fundraising $991

  • 24a · Other expenses: OTHER

    total $482,348 · program services $159,944 · management and general $214,986 · fundraising $107,418

  • 24b · Other expenses: EQUIPMENT & MAINTENANCE

    total $223,250 · program services $155,726 · management and general $67,524

  • 24c · Other expenses: MORTGAGE SERVICING

    total $130,054 · program services $130,054

  • 24d · Other expenses: OVERHEAD APPLIED

    total -$41,054 · program services $1,391,685 · management and general -$1,175,762 · fundraising -$256,977

  • 24e · All other expenses

    total -$1,361,374 · program services -$1,361,374

Balance sheet

Part X, book values.

  • 1 · Cash, non-interest-bearing

    beginning of year $1,852,081 · end of year $666,430

  • 2 · Savings and temporary cash investments

    beginning of year $175,323 · end of year $175,448

  • 3 · Pledges and grants receivable

    beginning of year $2,290,806 · end of year $2,237,671

  • 4 · Accounts receivable

    beginning of year $265,335 · end of year $925,784

  • 8 · Inventories for sale or use

    beginning of year $1,382,508 · end of year $1,717,041

  • 9 · Prepaid expenses and deferred charges

    beginning of year $267,252 · end of year $277,168

  • 10a · Land, buildings and equipment: cost or other basis

    $6,811,430

  • 10b · Land, buildings and equipment: accumulated depreciation

    $2,325,791

  • 10c · Land, buildings and equipment, net

    beginning of year $4,516,250 · end of year $4,485,639

  • 11 · Investments: publicly traded securities

    beginning of year $13,822,333 · end of year $9,934,290

  • 12 · Investments: other securities

    beginning of year $26,845 · end of year $27,620

  • 13 · Investments: program-related

    beginning of year $27,096,089 · end of year $27,637,620

  • 15 · Other assets

    beginning of year $2,755,128 · end of year $6,736,217

  • 17 · Accounts payable and accrued expenses

    beginning of year $1,902,303 · end of year $1,369,671

  • 19 · Deferred revenue

    beginning of year $1,520,908 · end of year $1,116,152

  • 23 · Secured mortgages and notes payable

    beginning of year $8,160,308 · end of year $7,286,440

  • 25 · Other liabilities

    beginning of year $139,379 · end of year $4,581,578

  • 27 · Net assets without donor restrictions

    beginning of year $36,818,417 · end of year $37,019,067

  • 28 · Net assets with donor restrictions

    beginning of year $5,908,635 · end of year $3,448,020

Mission and programs · 2022

Mission

SEEKING TO PUT GOD'S LOVE INTO ACTION, HABITAT FOR HUMANITY BRINGS PEOPLE TOGETHER TO BUILD HOMES, COMMUNITIES AND HOPE TO REALIZE OUR VISION OF A WORLD WHERE EVERYONE HAS A DECENT PLACE TO LIVE. HABITAT FOR HUMANITY CENTRAL ARIZONA ADHERES TO A STRICT NON-PROSELYTIZING POLICY AND WILL NOT OFFER ASSISTANCE ON THE EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED CONDITION THAT PEOPLE MUST ADHERE TO OR CONVERT TO A PARTICULAR FAITH OR LISTEN AND RESPOND TO MESSAGING DESIGNED TO INDUCE CONVERSION TO A PARTICULAR FAITH.

Activities or mission (Part I)

HABITAT FOR HUMANITY BRINGS PEOPLE TOGETHER TO BUILD HOMES, COMMUNITIES, AND HOPE.

  • HOMEOWNERSHIP PROGRAM: FAMILIES IN NEED OF A DECENT PLACE TO LIVE BUILD SAFE AND AFFORDABLE HOMES IN PARTNERSHIP WITH US. HABITAT HOUSES ARE MODESTLY SIZED. THEY ARE LARGE ENOUGH FOR THE HOMEOWNER FAMILY'S NEEDS, BUT SMALL ENOUGH TO KEEP CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS AFFORDABLE. BY USING THE LABOR OF VOLUNTEERS AND PROSPECTIVE HOMEOWNERS, EMPLOYING EFFICIENT BUILDING METHODS, KEEPING HOUSE SIZES MODEST, USING DONATED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND APPLIANCES, AND ISSUING NO-PROFIT LOANS, HABITAT MAKES ITS HOUSES AFFORDABLE FOR LOW-INCOME FAMILIES TO PURCHASE. AFFORDABLE HOMEOWNERSHIP HELPS CREATE THE CONDITIONS THAT FREE FAMILIES FROM INSTABILITY, STRESS AND FEAR AND ENCOURAGE SELF-RELIANCE AND CONFIDENCE. STUDIES SHOW THAT STRONG AND STABLE HOUSEHOLDS ARE FOUNDATIONAL TO CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH. WHEN A HOME FOSTERS--INSTEAD OF HINDERS--HEALTH AND SAFETY, FAMILIES CAN FLOURISH. OWNING AN AFFORDABLE HOME ALSO ALLOWS HOMEOWNERS TO LIFT UP THEIR ENTIRE FAMILY BY SAVING FOR THEIR FUTURES AND INVESTING IN EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES, BOLSTERING JOB OPPORTUNITIES AND CAREER GROWTH. DURING FISCAL YEAR 2023, HABITAT FOR HUMANITY CENTRAL ARIZONA SERVED 15 FAMILIES THROUGH ITS LONG-TERM HOMEOWNERSHIP PROGRAM.

    Expenses $6,364,708 · Grants $6,390,086 · Revenue $3,873,502

  • EMERGENCY HOME REPAIR: THROUGH OUR EMERGENCY HOME REPAIR PROGRAM, WE PARTNER WITH LOCAL CITIES TO PROVIDE URGENT AND NECESSARY HOME REPAIRS TO THOSE IN NEED OF AFFORDABLE REPAIRS TO RESIDENTS. THE CITIES' UTILIZE NON-PROFIT PARTNERS, INCLUDING HABITAT FOR HUMANITY CENTRAL ARIZONA, TO PROVIDE EMERGENCY REPAIR SERVICES. HABITAT'S KNOWLEDGEABLE CONSTRUCTION STAFF ASSESSES EACH EMERGENCY AND WORKS TO ADDRESS URGENT ISSUES. DURING FISCAL YEAR 2023, HABITAT FOR HUMANITY CENTRAL ARIZONA PARTNERED WITH THREE CITIES AND PERFORMED OVER 80 EMERGENCY HOME REPAIRS.

    Expenses $4,657,979 · Grants $3,688,849 · Revenue $1,638,593

  • NEIGHBORHOOD REVITALIZATION PROGRAM: THROUGH OUR NEIGHBORHOOD REVITALIZATION WORK, WE TAILOR OUR EFFORTS BY PARTNERING LOCALLY WITH RESIDENTS AND COMMUNITY LEADERS AND ORGANIZATIONS TO BEST ADDRESS THE REAL CONCERNS OF THE COMMUNITY AND IMPROVE THE LIVES OF THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE THERE. USING A DATA-DRIVEN AND CUSTOMIZABLE APPROACH, WE FOCUS ON FIRST UNDERSTANDING THE CONCERNS OF THE RESIDENTS AND THEN EMPOWERING THESE RESIDENTS TO LEAD THE PROJECTS THEY WANT TO SEE. ALONGSIDE HABITAT, RESIDENTS WORK WITH CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, NEW AND LONGSTANDING NEIGHBORHOOD COALITIONS, LOCAL GOVERNMENT ENTITIES, AND OTHER COMMUNITY PARTNERS TO ACHIEVE THEIR GOALS. BECAUSE EACH NEIGHBORHOOD'S CHALLENGES AND ASPIRATIONS ARE DIFFERENT, THE FRAMEWORK ACTS AS A GUIDE THAT CAN BE TAILORED TO THE GOALS OF EACH COMMUNITY. THAT'S WHY NEIGHBORHOOD REVITALIZATION CAN LOOK LIKE ANYTHING FROM DEVELOPING PUBLIC PARKS TO ORGANIZING SAFETY MEETINGS WITH THE LOCAL POLICE DEPARTMENT TO REHABBING AND REOPENING SCHOOLS, STORES AND HOMES. DURING FISCAL YEAR 2023, HABITAT FOR HUMANITY CENTRAL ARIZONA PARTNERED WITH OVER 400 FAMILIES.

    Expenses $2,719,719

  • RESTORES: HABITAT FOR HUMANITY CENTRAL ARIZONA OPERATES A SEPARATELY BRANDED PROGRAM THROUGH RETAIL LOCATIONS. THE RESTORE PROGRAM PROMOTES RECYCLING THROUGH THE COLLECTION AND RESALE OF REUSABLE BUILDING MATERIALS, HOME SUPPLIES AND HOME GOODS. THE SALE OF THESE GOODS SERVE THE PURPOSE OF MINIMIZING BUILDING MATERIALS AND USED OR UNWANTED GOODS OUT OF LANDFILLS. THE RESTORE RECEIVED $2,731,806 IN DONATED GOODS WHICH ARE REPORTED IN LINE 1G OF THE STATEMENT REVENUE. THE EXPENSES RELATED TO THIS PROGRAM ARE REPORTED ON LINE 10B OF THE STATEMENT OF REVENUE.

    Revenue -$2,087,737

As filed on the 2022 return. The filer continues this part on Schedule O, which is not shown here.

Listed in Part VII

  • MILLER DEBORAH

    CHAIRPERSON

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • REID TONY

    VICE-CHAIRPERSON

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • UNDERWOOD DAVE

    TREASURER

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • HOESTRA TIM

    SECRETARY

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • ANCA JOSE

    DIRECTOR (THRU 12/2022)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • ANDA MARINA

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • ANDERSON ROBYN

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • AUSTIN ANTHONY

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • BARBER STEPHEN

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • BERNOSKY GREG

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • BLAIR BILL

    DIRECTOR (THRU 07/2022)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • BRADFORD MATT

    DIRECTOR (THRU 07/2022)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • CANDELARIA MARK

    DIRECTOR (THRU 07/2022)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • CROP DANIELLA

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • ELLIS SCOTT

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • FITZGERALD ERIN

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • GEELAN JAYMEE

    DIRECTOR (THRU 06/2023)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • GENOVESE JOE

    DIRECTOR (THRU 06/2023)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • GORDER PAMELA

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • GREDLER DENISE

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • HARRIS IJANA

    DIRECTOR (THRU 12/2022)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • HOFER J LARRY

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • HYDE DAVID

    DIRECTOR (THRU 07/2022)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • KELLEY TIM

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • KENT DONNA

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • LABROZZI VINCE

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • LEONARD STEVE

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • LINDSEY AMY

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • MARQUIS KEN

    DIRECTOR (THRU 07/2022)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • MORELL PAUL

    DIRECTOR (THRU 07/2022)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • NIXON LYNN

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • O'NEIL TIM

    DIRECTOR (THRU 07/2022)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • PARKER JEROME

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • PEREZ CAMILLE

    DIRECTOR (THRU 07/2022)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • RAMIREZ MIGUEL

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • REKOSKE KARI

    DIRECTOR (THRU 07/2022)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • RICKARD ANNE

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • SEFRIOUI RACHID

    DIRECTOR (THRU 07/2022)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • SILVER CORTLAND

    DIRECTOR (THRU 07/2022)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • SMIGIELSKI ANDREW

    DIRECTOR (THRU 06/2023)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • SMITH CINDY

    DIRECTOR (THRU 07/2022)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • SMITH KATE

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • SPRENTALL DAVE

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • STERNBERG LONNY

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • THOMPSON DARREN

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • WILHOIT ADRIENNE

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • WOODS CHLOE

    DIRECTOR (THRU 07/2022)

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    2
  • BARLOW JASON

    PRESIDENT/CEO

    Total calculated
    $223,091
    From this org
    $188,554
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $34,537
    Hours/week
    45

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $171,976
    Bonus
    $16,578
    Other
    $0
    Deferred
    $32,667
    Nontaxable benefits
    $1,870
    Filer's total
    $223,091
  • BRADLEY DEBRA

    CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER

    Total calculated
    $163,684
    From this org
    $139,140
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $24,544
    Hours/week
    45

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $126,384
    Bonus
    $12,756
    Other
    $0
    Deferred
    $12,330
    Nontaxable benefits
    $12,214
    Filer's total
    $163,684
  • WHITE JULIE

    CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

    Total calculated
    $133,189
    From this org
    $120,787
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $12,402
    Hours/week
    45
  • NICHOLS TANA

    DIRECTOR OF REAL ESTATE

    Total calculated
    $161,972
    From this org
    $136,832
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $25,140
    Hours/week
    45

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $124,366
    Bonus
    $12,466
    Other
    $0
    Deferred
    $18,018
    Nontaxable benefits
    $7,122
    Filer's total
    $161,972
  • WEIDE LISA

    CHIEF PROGRAM OFFICER (THRU 04/2023)

    Total calculated
    $147,804
    From this org
    $131,521
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $16,283
    Hours/week
    45
  • ROGERS TODD

    CHIEF PROGRAM & STRATEGY OFFICER

    Total calculated
    $153,887
    From this org
    $127,002
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $26,885
    Hours/week
    45

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $115,100
    Bonus
    $11,902
    Other
    $0
    Deferred
    $10,101
    Nontaxable benefits
    $16,784
    Filer's total
    $153,887
  • STUMME LANE

    DIRECTOR OF RETAIL OPERATIONS

    Total calculated
    $136,881
    From this org
    $114,252
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $22,629
    Hours/week
    45
  • PARSONS DUSTIN

    CHIEF MARKETING OFFICER

    Total calculated
    $113,004
    From this org
    $102,866
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $10,138
    Hours/week
    45

Compensation is as filed in Part VII: reportable pay from this organization and from related organizations, other compensation, and hours per week. The total, marked calculated, is our sum of the three dollar columns, with a blank column counted as $0; the form itself has no total. On a Form 990-EZ the columns are Part IV's instead, and on a Form 990-PF Part VIII's — compensation, contributions to benefit plans, and expense account — and the total sums those. A Schedule J breakdown is as filed: base pay, bonus, other, deferred compensation and nontaxable benefits from this organization, with any from related organizations beside each, and the filer's own total. It is shown with the Part VII listing of the same name on the same return. The form gives no key between the two, so that pairing is ours, and is marked matched by us.

Schedule J

Answered yes

  • 3 · Compensation committee
  • 3 · Form 990 of other organizations
  • 3 · Compensation survey or study
  • 3 · Approval by the board or compensation committee
  • 7 · Other non-fixed payments

Answered no

  • 4a · Severance or change-of-control payment
  • 4b · Supplemental nonqualified retirement plan
  • 4c · Equity-based compensation arrangement
  • 5a · Pay contingent on this organization's revenues
  • 5b · Pay contingent on a related organization's revenues
  • 6a · Pay contingent on this organization's net earnings
  • 6b · Pay contingent on a related organization's net earnings
  • 8 · Paid under the initial-contract exception

The filer's explanations (Part III)

PART I, LINE 7
BONUSES WERE CALCULATED USING 10% OF EMPLOYEES' GROSS EARNINGS FROM CALENDAR YEAR 2021 AND WERE THE RESULT OF A ONE-TIME LARGE GIFT.

Part I's answers as filed. A line not listed was left unanswered; on lines 1a and 3 that means the box was not checked.

Grants on this return

Related organizations on this return

Schedule R Part II: tax-exempt organizations related to the filer by control. It does not record shared board members or money.

Taxable family on this return

Schedule R Parts I, III and IV, as filed. These record ownership and control, not shared board members or money moved.

Disregarded entities

Part I: entities that legally are the filer and file no return of their own.

  • HFHCA FUNDING COMPANY LLC

    ACQUIRING AND HOLDING MORTGAGE LOANS · AZ · income $0 · assets $0

    Directly controlled by HABITAT FOR HUMANITY CENTRAL ARIZONA

  • 2830 W GLENDALE AVE LLC

    ACQUIRE AND HOLD COMMERCIAL OFFICE SPACE · AZ · income $9,624 · assets $2,164,406

    Directly controlled by HABITAT FOR HUMANITY CENTRAL ARIZONA

Provenance

Return type
form_990
Tax year
2022
Filed
8 December 2023
IRS schema version
2022v5.0
Source object
202333479349300623

Check it against the return as filed: the GivingTuesday Data Lake hosts a public copy of the original XML.

The source document this was parsed from is served over the API, which is where bulk and document access live.