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Nonprofiteer
← JAZZ AT LINCOLN CENTER INC

Form 990 for tax year 2022

Filed by JAZZ AT LINCOLN CENTER INC.

Totals

Total revenue
$34,594,092
Total expenses
$44,996,751
Contributions and grants received
$15,433,606
Grants paid
$0
Program service revenue
$15,746,167
Investment income
$2,314,195
Other revenue
$1,100,124
Total assets, end of year
$241,998,437
Total liabilities, end of year
$19,191,477
Net assets or fund balances, end of year
$222,806,960
Program services expenses (Part IX)
$36,073,365
Management and general expenses
$5,135,797
Fundraising expenses
$3,787,589
Program service expenses (Part III)
$36,073,365

Program services were 80.2% of total expenses calculated — Part IX's program-services column over total expenses, both as filed.

Line items

Every line the filer filed in Parts VIII, IX and X, as filed and in filed order. Blank columns are left out, and the lines are not forced to add up to the totals above.

Revenue

Part VIII, the statement of revenue.

  • 1c · Fundraising events

    $1,983,828

  • 1e · Government grants (contributions)

    $183,140

  • 1f · All other contributions, gifts and grants

    $13,266,638

  • 1g · Noncash contributions included above

    $3,671,787

  • 2a · Program service revenue: PERFORMANCES

    total $11,587,960 · related or exempt $11,587,960

  • 2b · Program service revenue: RENTAL INCOME

    total $3,515,312 · related or exempt $3,515,312

  • 2c · Program service revenue: PROGRAM FEES

    total $494,966 · related or exempt $494,966

  • 2d · Program service revenue: RADIO/BROADCAST INCOME

    total $147,929 · related or exempt $147,929

  • 3 · Investment income

    total $2,366,447 · unrelated business $2,125 · excluded $2,364,322

  • 6a · Gross rents

    real property $11,440,504

  • 6b · Less rental expenses

    real property $11,818,309

  • 6c · Rental income or loss

    real property -$377,805

  • 6d · Net rental income or loss

    total -$377,805 · unrelated business -$377,805

  • 7a · Gross sales of assets other than inventory

    securities $6,104,447

  • 7b · Less cost or other basis and sales expenses

    securities $6,156,699

  • 7c · Gain or loss

    securities -$52,252

  • 7d · Net gain or loss

    total -$52,252 · excluded -$52,252

  • 8a · Fundraising events: gross income

    $545,938

  • 8a · Fundraising events: contributions included on line 1c

    $1,983,828

  • 8b · Fundraising events: direct expenses

    $545,938

  • 8c · Net income from fundraising events

    total $0

  • 10a · Gross sales of inventory

    $64,099

  • 10b · Cost of goods sold

    $22,867

  • 10c · Net income from sales of inventory

    total $41,232 · unrelated business $41,232

  • 11a · Other revenue: CATERING COMMISSION

    total $1,211,784 · unrelated business $1,211,784

  • 11b · Other revenue: OTHER INCOME

    total $224,913 · related or exempt $224,913

  • 11e · Other revenue, total

    $1,436,697

Functional expenses

Part IX, the statement of functional expenses.

  • 5 · Compensation of officers, directors and key employees

    total $5,530,854 · program services $4,376,576 · management and general $563,891 · fundraising $590,387

  • 7 · Other salaries and wages

    total $12,313,937 · program services $9,564,082 · management and general $1,212,625 · fundraising $1,537,230

  • 8 · Pension plan contributions

    total $139,078 · program services $59,064 · management and general $64,226 · fundraising $15,788

  • 9 · Other employee benefits

    total $2,049,149 · program services $1,782,293 · management and general $91,344 · fundraising $175,512

  • 10 · Payroll taxes

    total $1,094,151 · program services $840,807 · management and general $106,057 · fundraising $147,287

  • 11a · Fees: management

    total $373,625 · program services $373,625

  • 11b · Fees: legal

    total $2,541,770 · program services $1,308,269 · management and general $886,561 · fundraising $346,940

  • 11c · Fees: accounting

    total $80,249 · program services $41,291 · management and general $28,000 · fundraising $10,958

  • 11e · Fees: professional fundraising services

    total $75,000 · fundraising $75,000

  • 11f · Fees: investment management

    total $102,223 · management and general $102,223

  • 11g · Fees: other

    total $5,273,523 · program services $5,009,565 · management and general $132,435 · fundraising $131,523

  • 12 · Advertising and promotion

    total $1,158,951 · program services $1,091,297 · management and general $65,054 · fundraising $2,600

  • 13 · Office expenses

    total $1,017,094 · program services $762,545 · management and general $156,938 · fundraising $97,611

  • 14 · Information technology

    total $1,028,600 · program services $607,413 · management and general $300,135 · fundraising $121,052

  • 15 · Royalties

    total $621,524 · program services $621,524

  • 16 · Occupancy

    total $3,686,755 · program services $2,668,591 · management and general $843,978 · fundraising $174,186

  • 17 · Travel

    total $2,046,003 · program services $1,993,937 · management and general $37,477 · fundraising $14,589

  • 19 · Conferences, conventions and meetings

    total $77,486 · program services $48,898 · management and general $21,607 · fundraising $6,981

  • 22 · Depreciation, depletion and amortization

    total $4,251,795 · program services $4,042,795 · management and general $150,216 · fundraising $58,784

  • 23 · Insurance

    total $557,161 · program services $357,897 · management and general $143,218 · fundraising $56,046

  • 24a · Other expenses: MISCELLANEOUS

    total $753,823 · program services $522,896 · management and general $5,812 · fundraising $225,115

  • 24b · Other expenses: EXCISE TAX EXPENSE

    total $224,000 · management and general $224,000

Balance sheet

Part X, book values.

  • 1 · Cash, non-interest-bearing

    beginning of year $10,668,815 · end of year $8,960,888

  • 2 · Savings and temporary cash investments

    beginning of year $5,790,977 · end of year $4,669,885

  • 3 · Pledges and grants receivable

    beginning of year $11,275,723 · end of year $8,287,081

  • 4 · Accounts receivable

    beginning of year $2,765,125 · end of year $1,854,860

  • 9 · Prepaid expenses and deferred charges

    beginning of year $605,725 · end of year $970,554

  • 10a · Land, buildings and equipment: cost or other basis

    $224,106,114

  • 10b · Land, buildings and equipment: accumulated depreciation

    $93,076,639

  • 10c · Land, buildings and equipment, net

    beginning of year $134,895,525 · end of year $131,029,475

  • 11 · Investments: publicly traded securities

    beginning of year $67,139,284 · end of year $69,050,177

  • 12 · Investments: other securities

    beginning of year $7,542,189 · end of year $8,429,021

  • 14 · Intangible assets

    beginning of year $382,814 · end of year $343,924

  • 15 · Other assets

    beginning of year $1,504,396 · end of year $8,402,572

  • 17 · Accounts payable and accrued expenses

    beginning of year $8,935,420 · end of year $8,345,673

  • 19 · Deferred revenue

    beginning of year $1,397,599 · end of year $1,963,626

  • 25 · Other liabilities

    beginning of year $2,090,250 · end of year $8,882,178

  • 27 · Net assets without donor restrictions

    beginning of year $161,571,494 · end of year $154,281,948

  • 28 · Net assets with donor restrictions

    beginning of year $68,575,810 · end of year $68,525,012

Mission and programs · 2022

Mission

THE MISSION OF JAZZ AT LINCOLN CENTER, INC. IS TO ENTERTAIN, ENRICH AND EXPAND A GLOBAL COMMUNITY FOR JAZZ THROUGH PERFORMANCE, EDUCATION AND ADVOCACY. JAZZ AT LINCOLN CENTER, FOSTERS APPRECIATION OF JAZZ AS AN ART FORM, (CONTINUED ON SCHEDULE O)... AND OF DRAMA, DANCE, FILM AND OTHER MUSICAL AND PERFORMING ARTS THROUGH LIVE CONCERTS, PERFORMANCES, SHOWS, LECTURES, DEMONSTRATIONS, AND COLLABORATIONS.

Activities or mission (Part I)

THE MISSION OF JAZZ AT LINCOLN CENTER, INC. IS TO ENTERTAIN, ENRICH AND EXPAND A GLOBAL COMMUNITY FOR JAZZ THROUGH PERFORMANCE, EDUCATION AND ADVOCACY. JAZZ AT LINCOLN CENTER, FOSTERS APPRECIATION OF JAZZ AS AN ART FORM, AND OF DRAMA, DANCE, FILM AND OTHER MUSICAL AND PERFORMING ARTS THROUGH LIVE CONCERTS, PERFORMANCES, SHOWS, LECTURES, DEMONSTRATIONS, AND COLLABORATIONS.

  • PERFORMANCE PRESENTATIONS:THE 2022-2023 SEASON FEATURED PERFORMANCES OF THE JAZZ AT LINCOLN CENTER ORCHESTRA WITH WYNTON MARSALIS, OTHER ENSEMBLES AND GUEST ARTISTS AT FREDERICK P. ROSE HALL, HOME OF JAZZ AT LINCOLN CENTER, INC. AS WELL AS ON TOUR NATIONALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY.

    Expenses $15,198,821 · Revenue $11,587,960

  • EDUCATION AND OUTREACH: EDUCATION PROGRAMMING INCLUDES AN ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL BAND COMPETITION AND FESTIVAL, A COLLEGE BAND COMPETITION, A JAZZ APPRECIATION CURRICULUM FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS, STUDENT AND FAMILY CONCERTS, A MIDDLE SCHOOL AND A HIGH SCHOOL JAZZ ACADEMY, SUMMER YOUTH PROGRAMS, STUDENT AND EDUCATION WORKSHOPS, AND EARLY CHILDHOOD AND ADULT EDUCATION COURSES, AND OTHER MUSIC EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES. IN FY 23, THESE PROGRAMS WERE PROVIDED IN-PERSON, DIGITIALLY, OR A COMBINATION OF BOTH.

    Expenses $5,600,385 · Revenue $147,929

  • FACILITY OPERATIONS: JAZZ AT LINCOLN CENTER, INC. OPERATES FREDERICK P. ROSE HALL, A PERFORMANCE, EDUCATION AND BROADCASTING FACILITY DEVOTED TO THE PERFORMING ARTS, INCLUDING A THEATER OF 1,200 SEATS, A CONCERT HALL OF 500 SEATS, AND A JAZZ CLUB OF 140 SEATS, REHEARSAL STUDIOS, CLASSROOMS AND BROADCAST FACILITIES.

    Expenses $12,173,123 · Revenue $3,515,312

  • OTHER PROGRAM SERVICES:MEDIA AND OTHER PROGRAMS INCLUDING JAZZ CONGRESS, AN ANNUAL CONFERENCE DESIGNED TO BRING TOGETHER ARTISTS, MEDIA AND INDUSTRY LEADERS IN THE GLOBAL JAZZ COMMUNITY TO EXCHANGE IDEAS IN ORDER TO NURTURE AND GROW THE JAZZ COMMUNITY, BLUE ENGINE RECORDS WHICH PRODUCES AND DISTRIBUTES JAZZ AT LINCOLN CENTER'S RECORDINGS, AND "JAZZ LIVE!" A NEW VIDEO STREAMING SERVICE RECORDING AND DISTRIBUTING VIDEOS OF JAZZ AT LINCOLN CENTER'S PERFORMANCES.

    Expenses $3,101,036 · Revenue $719,879

As filed on the 2022 return. The filer continues this part on Schedule O, which is not shown here.

Listed in Part VII

  • CLARENCE OTIS

    BOARD CHAIR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5

  • MARK ROSENTHAL

    EXECUTIVE CHAIR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    5

  • SHAHARA AHMAD-LLEWELLYN

    VICE CHAIR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    3

  • DIANE M COFFEY

    VICE CHAIR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    3

  • MICHAEL D FRICKLAS

    SECRETARY

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    3

  • PETER BERGER

    TREASURER

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    3

  • WYNTON MARSALIS

    MANAGING & ARTISTIC DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $2,866,888
    From this org
    $2,310,360
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $556,528
    Hours/week
    60

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $2,307,588
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $2,772
    Deferred
    $519,258
    Nontaxable benefits
    $37,270
    Filer's total
    $2,866,888

  • JOHN ARNHOLD

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    3

  • NANCY AXILROD DENTON

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    3

  • PAUL C SCHORR IV

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    3

  • TAYLOR G ABBEY

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    3

  • BOB KISANE AS OF JUN 2023

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • RICHARD M CASHIN

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • BETSY LEVITT COHN

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • BETH CHARTNOFF AS OF JUN 2023

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • BUZZY GEDULD

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • CHARLES E PHILLIPS JR

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • DAVID JAFFE

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • DAVID STEWARD II

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • DONNA GOLKIN AS OF NOV 2022

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • DR EMIKO TERASAKI

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • EDWARD H MEYER TO APR 2023

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • ERIC KRASNOFF AS OF NOV 2022

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • FAYE WATTLETON

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • FRITZ DEMOPOULOS

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • GAIL MAY ENGELBERG

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • GBENGA OYEBODE

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • GORDON J DAVIS FOUNDING CHAIR

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • GREG MARCUS

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • HARRY CROSBY

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • WILLIAM ZECKENDORFAS OF 2023

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • JEANETTE DAVIS-LOEB

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • IAN SCHAEFER

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • JEFFREY B KINDLER

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • JESSICA BIBLIOWICZ

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • KENNETH CHENAULT

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • LISA SCHIFF CHAIR EMERITUS

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • LOREN DOUGLASS

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • MICA ERTEGUN TO DEC 2023

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • PETER H FRIEDLAND

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • RICHARD REITKNECHT

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • ROBERT J APPEL TO NOV 2022

    TREASURER

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • STEVEN MILLER

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • WILBUR ZOU

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • DEREK GOODMAN

    DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    3

  • COURTNEY LEE-MITCHELL

    DIRECTOR-EX OFFICIO DESIGNEE

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • HON ERIC ADAMS

    DIRECTOR - EX OFFICIO

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • HON MARK LEVINE

    DIRECTOR - EX OFFICIO

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • HON ADRIENNE ADAMS

    DIRECTOR - EX OFFICIO

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • DEIRDRE DAVIS

    ASST SECRETARY

    Total calculated
    $0
    Hours/week
    1

  • DAPHNEE S WOODLEY TO JAN 2023

    VP, GENERAL COUNSEL, ASST. SECRETARY

    Total calculated
    $225,414
    From this org
    $195,775
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $29,639
    Hours/week
    60

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $195,355
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $420
    Deferred
    $3,367
    Nontaxable benefits
    $26,272
    Filer's total
    $225,414

  • SUSAN C GORDON

    VP, CFO, ASSISTANT TREASURER

    Total calculated
    $166,221
    From this org
    $149,522
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $16,699
    Hours/week
    60

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $147,282
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $2,240
    Deferred
    $4,545
    Nontaxable benefits
    $12,154
    Filer's total
    $166,221

  • GREG SCHOLL

    EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

    Total calculated
    $1,045,382
    From this org
    $978,462
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $66,920
    Hours/week
    60

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $977,496
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $966
    Deferred
    $29,650
    Nontaxable benefits
    $37,270
    Filer's total
    $1,045,382

  • PAMELA BUTLER

    VP DEVELOPMENT

    Total calculated
    $377,780
    From this org
    $340,965
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $36,815
    Hours/week
    60

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $339,159
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $1,806
    Deferred
    $9,150
    Nontaxable benefits
    $27,665
    Filer's total
    $377,780

  • DOUG C HOSNEY

    VP FPRH

    Total calculated
    $296,767
    From this org
    $263,029
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $33,738
    Hours/week
    60

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $260,257
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $2,772
    Deferred
    $8,073
    Nontaxable benefits
    $25,665
    Filer's total
    $296,767

  • GABRIELLE ARMAND

    VP, BRAND, SALES AND MARKETING

    Total calculated
    $368,052
    From this org
    $346,748
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $21,304
    Hours/week
    60

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $345,782
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $966
    Deferred
    $9,150
    Nontaxable benefits
    $12,154
    Filer's total
    $368,052

  • NANCY GALLAGHER

    VP, SALES & SPECIAL PROJECTS

    Total calculated
    $299,559
    From this org
    $267,620
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $31,939
    Hours/week
    60

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $264,848
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $2,772
    Deferred
    $6,274
    Nontaxable benefits
    $25,665
    Filer's total
    $299,559

  • GEORGINA JAVOR

    VP, CONCERTS AND TOURING

    Total calculated
    $244,472
    From this org
    $236,247
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $8,225
    Hours/week
    60

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $235,827
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $420
    Deferred
    $7,074
    Nontaxable benefits
    $1,151
    Filer's total
    $244,472

  • TODD STOLL

    VP, EDUCATION

    Total calculated
    $281,565
    From this org
    $248,377
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $33,188
    Hours/week
    60

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $246,571
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $1,806
    Deferred
    $7,523
    Nontaxable benefits
    $25,665
    Filer's total
    $281,565

  • EDWARD R BULLER

    CONTROLLER

    Total calculated
    $274,468
    From this org
    $232,574
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $41,894
    Hours/week
    60

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $229,802
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $2,772
    Deferred
    $7,222
    Nontaxable benefits
    $34,672
    Filer's total
    $274,468

  • HIRSCH PHILIP

    STAGE HAND

    Total calculated
    $274,912
    From this org
    $198,336
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $76,576
    Hours/week
    60

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $198,336
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $0
    Deferred
    $0
    Nontaxable benefits
    $76,576
    Filer's total
    $274,912

  • DAVID A MOODEY

    STAGE HAND

    Total calculated
    $257,678
    From this org
    $189,052
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $68,626
    Hours/week
    60

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $189,052
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $0
    Deferred
    $0
    Nontaxable benefits
    $68,626
    Filer's total
    $257,678

  • DAVID C GIBSON

    STAGE HAND

    Total calculated
    $252,336
    From this org
    $185,133
    From related orgs
    $0
    Other
    $67,203
    Hours/week
    60

    Schedule J breakdown matched by us

    Base
    $185,133
    Bonus
    $0
    Other
    $0
    Deferred
    $0
    Nontaxable benefits
    $67,203
    Filer's total
    $252,336

Compensation is as filed in Part VII: reportable pay from this organization and from related organizations, other compensation, and hours per week. The total, marked calculated, is our sum of the three dollar columns, with a blank column counted as $0; the form itself has no total. On a Form 990-EZ the columns are Part IV's instead, and on a Form 990-PF Part VIII's — compensation, contributions to benefit plans, and expense account — and the total sums those. A Schedule J breakdown is as filed: base pay, bonus, other, deferred compensation and nontaxable benefits from this organization, with any from related organizations beside each, and the filer's own total. It is shown with the Part VII listing of the same name on the same return. The form gives no key between the two, so that pairing is ours, and is marked matched by us.

Schedule J

Answered yes

  • 3 · Compensation committee
  • 3 · Form 990 of other organizations
  • 3 · Written employment contract
  • 3 · Compensation survey or study
  • 3 · Approval by the board or compensation committee
  • 4b · Supplemental nonqualified retirement plan

Answered no

  • 4a · Severance or change-of-control payment
  • 4c · Equity-based compensation arrangement
  • 5a · Pay contingent on this organization's revenues
  • 5b · Pay contingent on a related organization's revenues
  • 6a · Pay contingent on this organization's net earnings
  • 6b · Pay contingent on a related organization's net earnings
  • 7 · Other non-fixed payments
  • 8 · Paid under the initial-contract exception

The filer's explanations (Part III)

PART I, LINE 4B
WYNTON MARSALIS - DEFERRED COMPENSATION ACCRUED UNDER SUPPLEMENTAL NONQUALIFIED RETIREMENT PLAN - $510,558

Part I's answers as filed. A line not listed was left unanswered; on lines 1a and 3 that means the box was not checked.

Grants on this return

No itemized grants to organizations on this return.

Provenance

Return type
form_990
Tax year
2022
Filed
1 February 2024
IRS schema version
2022v5.0
Source object
202441029349301804

Check it against the return as filed: the GivingTuesday Data Lake hosts a public copy of the original XML.

The source document this was parsed from is served over the API, which is where bulk and document access live.