Totals
- Total revenue
- $11,598,819
- Total expenses
- $10,844,140
- Contributions and grants received
- $5,600,000
- Grants paid
- $656,718
- Program service revenue
- $5,759,655
- Investment income
- $263,862
- Other revenue
- -$24,698
- Total assets, end of year
- $16,308,413
- Total liabilities, end of year
- $2,652,202
- Net assets or fund balances, end of year
- $13,656,211
- Program services expenses (Part IX)
- $8,825,941
- Management and general expenses
- $2,018,199
- Fundraising expenses
- $0
- Program service expenses (Part III)
- $8,825,941
Program services were 81.4% of total expenses calculated — Part IX's program-services column over total expenses, both as filed.
Line items
Every line the filer filed in Parts VIII, IX and X, as filed and in filed order. Blank columns are left out, and the lines are not forced to add up to the totals above.
Revenue
Part VIII, the statement of revenue.
-
1d · Related organizations
$5,600,000
-
2a · Program service revenue: MEMBERSHIP DUES & ASSESSMENTS
total $3,980,920 · related or exempt $3,980,920
-
2b · Program service revenue: COUNTY MANAGEMENT FEES
total $771,738 · related or exempt $771,738
-
2c · Program service revenue: MEETINGS
total $680,906 · related or exempt $680,906
-
2f · All other program service revenue
total $326,091 · related or exempt $326,091
-
3 · Investment income
total $263,862 · excluded $263,862
-
6a · Gross rents
real property $192,975
-
6b · Less rental expenses
real property $257,318
-
6c · Rental income or loss
real property -$64,343
-
6d · Net rental income or loss
total -$64,343 · excluded -$64,343
-
11a · Other revenue: PRINT SHOP
total $33,461 · unrelated business $28,288 · excluded $5,173
-
11b · Other revenue: MISCELLANEOUS
total $6,184 · excluded $6,184
-
11e · Other revenue, total
$39,645
Functional expenses
Part IX, the statement of functional expenses.
-
1 · Grants to domestic organizations and governments
total $656,718 · program services $656,718
-
5 · Compensation of officers, directors and key employees
total $1,653,170 · program services $1,567,381 · management and general $85,789
-
7 · Other salaries and wages
total $3,085,662 · program services $2,416,118 · management and general $669,544
-
8 · Pension plan contributions
total $1,692,478 · program services $1,249,438 · management and general $443,040
-
9 · Other employee benefits
total $444,914 · program services $391,695 · management and general $53,219
-
10 · Payroll taxes
total $61,450 · program services $50,712 · management and general $10,738
-
11b · Fees: legal
total $169,734 · program services $136,049 · management and general $33,685
-
11c · Fees: accounting
total $80,505 · management and general $80,505
-
11d · Fees: lobbying
total $471,519 · program services $471,519
-
11g · Fees: other
total $309,026 · program services $203,186 · management and general $105,840
-
12 · Advertising and promotion
total $23,385 · program services $23,385
-
13 · Office expenses
total $613,136 · program services $436,559 · management and general $176,577
-
14 · Information technology
total $201,045 · program services $46,403 · management and general $154,642
-
16 · Occupancy
total $29,892 · program services $29,892
-
17 · Travel
total $330,259 · program services $284,061 · management and general $46,198
-
19 · Conferences, conventions and meetings
total $673,775 · program services $673,775
-
22 · Depreciation, depletion and amortization
total $11,314 · management and general $11,314
-
23 · Insurance
total $32,246 · management and general $32,246
-
24a · Other expenses: REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE
total $70,869 · program services $61,519 · management and general $9,350
-
24e · All other expenses
total $233,043 · program services $127,531 · management and general $105,512
Balance sheet
Part X, book values.
-
1 · Cash, non-interest-bearing
beginning of year $300 · end of year $300
-
2 · Savings and temporary cash investments
beginning of year $4,661,840 · end of year $5,353,702
-
4 · Accounts receivable
beginning of year $1,339,888 · end of year $1,447,920
-
9 · Prepaid expenses and deferred charges
beginning of year $528,656 · end of year $334,348
-
10a · Land, buildings and equipment: cost or other basis
$3,584,048
-
10b · Land, buildings and equipment: accumulated depreciation
$2,753,812
-
10c · Land, buildings and equipment, net
beginning of year $872,741 · end of year $830,236
-
11 · Investments: publicly traded securities
beginning of year $6,512,398 · end of year $7,148,334
-
15 · Other assets
beginning of year $1,109,848 · end of year $1,193,573
-
17 · Accounts payable and accrued expenses
beginning of year $831,601 · end of year $1,272,846
-
19 · Deferred revenue
beginning of year $849,630 · end of year $621,602
-
21 · Escrow or custodial account liability
beginning of year $416,566 · end of year $684,663
-
25 · Other liabilities
beginning of year $6,766 · end of year $73,091
-
27 · Net assets without donor restrictions
beginning of year $12,921,108 · end of year $13,656,211
Mission and programs · 2022
Mission
TO REPRESENT COUNTY GOVERNMENT BEFORE THE CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE, ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES AND SUPPORT COUNTY GOVERNMENT. CSAC PLACES A STRONG EMPHASIS ON EDUCATING THE PUBLIC ABOUT THE VALUE AND NEED FOR COUNTY PROGRAMS AND SERVICES.
Activities or mission (Part I)
TO REPRESENT COUNTY GOVERNMENT BEFORE THE CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE, ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES AND SUPPORT COUNTY GOVERNMENT.
-
LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS - REPRESENT COUNTIES TO THE LEGISLATURE, GOVERNOR'S OFFICE, AGENCIES, COMMISSIONS, AND OTHER STATE BODIES.
Expenses $4,164,272 · Grants $656,718 · Revenue $3,980,920
-
LITIGATION COORDINATION - MONITOR LITIGATION OF CONCERN TO COUNTIES STATEWIDE, COORDINATE THE DEFENSE OF MAJOR MULTI-COUNTY LITIGATION, PROVIDE AMICUS (FRIEND OF THE COURT) SUPPORT WHERE APPROPRIATE AND DISSEMINATE CURRENT INFORMATION TO COUNTY COUNSELS IN THE FORM OF LITIGATION ALERTS AND UPDATES ON CASES INVOLVING PUBLIC LAW ISSUES.
Expenses $2,832,063 · Revenue $326,091
-
COMMUNICATIONS - ANALYZE AND REPORT TO COUNTIES ABOUT IMPORTANT DECISIONS MADE AT THE STATE AND FEDERAL LEVELS THROUGH THE CSAC BULLETIN, OUR WEBSITE, EMAIL ALERTS, AND POLICY COMMITTEE MEETINGS. THE WEEKLY ELECTRONIC CSAC BULLETIN IS DISTRIBUTED TO MORE THAN 3,500 SUBSCRIBERS.
Expenses $934,835 · Revenue $771,738
-
CSAC GRANTS INITIATIVE PROGRAM - THE CSAC GRANTS INITIATIVE PROGRAM OFFERS COUNTIES GUIDANCE THROUGH GRANT INDENTIFICATION, PREPARATION, AND WRITING. SERVICE REVENUE IS RECOGNIZED AS THE ASSOCIATED EXPENSES ARE INCURRED.
Expenses $894,771 · Revenue $680,906
As filed on the 2022 return. The filer continues this part on Schedule O, which is not shown here.
Listed in Part VII
-
Graham KnausGRAHAM KNAUS
CEO
- Total calculated
- $609,417
- From this org
- $402,175
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $207,242
- Hours/week
- 38.5 + 1.5 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $362,548
- Bonus
- $0
- Other
- $39,627
- Deferred
- $172,333
- Nontaxable benefits
- $34,909
- Filer's total
- $609,417
-
Manuel Rivas - Deputy ExecMANUEL RIVAS - DEPUTY EXEC
DIR. OF OPERATIONS/COO (THRU 03/23)
- Total calculated
- $472,090
- From this org
- $322,881
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $149,209
- Hours/week
- 39 + 1 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $300,671
- Bonus
- $0
- Other
- $22,210
- Deferred
- $134,939
- Nontaxable benefits
- $14,270
- Filer's total
- $472,090
-
Jacqueline WalkowJACQUELINE WALKOW
CPO
- Total calculated
- $415,169
- From this org
- $273,831
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $141,338
- Hours/week
- 40
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $263,991
- Bonus
- $0
- Other
- $9,840
- Deferred
- $113,910
- Nontaxable benefits
- $27,428
- Filer's total
- $415,169
-
Farrah McDaid TingFARRAH MCDAID TING
DIRECTOR OF PUB AFFAIRS & MEMBER SERV
- Total calculated
- $312,191
- From this org
- $201,402
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $110,789
- Hours/week
- 40
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $181,786
- Bonus
- $0
- Other
- $19,616
- Deferred
- $104,072
- Nontaxable benefits
- $6,717
- Filer's total
- $312,191
-
Catherine FreemanCATHERINE FREEMAN
LOBBYIST
- Total calculated
- $255,625
- From this org
- $158,175
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $97,450
- Hours/week
- 40
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $157,657
- Bonus
- $0
- Other
- $518
- Deferred
- $80,660
- Nontaxable benefits
- $16,790
- Filer's total
- $255,625
-
Justin GarrettJUSTIN GARRETT
LOBBYIST
- Total calculated
- $253,497
- From this org
- $166,328
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $87,169
- Hours/week
- 40
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $166,093
- Bonus
- $0
- Other
- $235
- Deferred
- $59,645
- Nontaxable benefits
- $27,524
- Filer's total
- $253,497
-
Geoff NeilGEOFF NEIL
LOBBYIST
- Total calculated
- $241,009
- From this org
- $149,895
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $91,114
- Hours/week
- 40
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $131,150
- Bonus
- $0
- Other
- $18,745
- Deferred
- $73,235
- Nontaxable benefits
- $17,879
- Filer's total
- $241,009
-
Ryan MorimuneRYAN MORIMUNE
LOBBYIST
- Total calculated
- $233,745
- From this org
- $155,977
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $77,768
- Hours/week
- 40
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $155,778
- Bonus
- $0
- Other
- $199
- Deferred
- $57,379
- Nontaxable benefits
- $20,389
- Filer's total
- $233,745
-
Chastity BensonCHASTITY BENSON
COO (AS OF 04/23)
- Total calculated
- $226,459
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $141,804
- Other
- $84,655
- Hours/week
- 40
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $134,671 related
- Bonus
- $0
- Other
- $0 + $7,133 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $72,354 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $12,301 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $226,459 related
-
Chuck WashingtonCHUCK WASHINGTON
PRESIDENT
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 8
-
Bruce GibsonBRUCE GIBSON
FIRST VICE PRESIDENT
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 8 + 1 related
-
Jeff GriffithsJEFF GRIFFITHS
SECOND VICE PRESIDENT
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 8 + 0.13 related
-
James Gore - ImmediateJAMES GORE - IMMEDIATE
PAST PRESIDENT (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 8
-
Ed ValenzuelaED VALENZUELA
IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 8
-
Lee AdamsLEE ADAMS
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Luis AlejoLUIS ALEJO
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Jesse ArmendarezJESSE ARMENDAREZ
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Kathryn BargerKATHRYN BARGER
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5 + 0.5 related
-
Lisa BartlettLISA BARTLETT
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Virginia BassVIRGINIA BASS
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Don BlaserDON BLASER
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Kent BoesKENT BOES
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Gary BradfordGARY BRADFORD
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Michelle BushnellMICHELLE BUSHNELL
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Merita CallawayMERITA CALLAWAY
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Ryan CampbellRYAN CAMPBELL
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
David CanepaDAVID CANEPA
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Candy CarlsonCANDY CARLSON
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Keith CarsonKEITH CARSON
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Grant CarmonGRANT CARMON
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Raymond CastilloRAYMOND CASTILLO
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Doug ChaffeeDOUG CHAFFEE
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Vito ChiesaVITO CHIESA
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5 + 1 related
-
Ned CoeNED COE
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Damon ConnollyDAMON CONNOLLY
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Keith CorumKEITH CORUM
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Rubin CruseRUBIN CRUSE
ADVISOR, DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Rich DesmondRICH DESMOND
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Diane DillonDIANE DILLON
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Susan EllenbergSUSAN ELLENBERG
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Jesus E EscobarJESUS E ESCOBAR
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Dan FloresDAN FLORES
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Richard ForsterRICHARD FORSTER
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5 + 0.5 related
-
Lucas FrerichsLUCAS FRERICHS
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Sue FrostSUE FROST
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Chris GallagherCHRIS GALLAGHER
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Tim GarmanTIM GARMAN
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
John GioiaJOHN GIOIA
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5 + 0.13 related
-
Leticia GonzalezLETICIA GONZALEZ
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Bea GonzalezBEA GONZALEZ
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Bonnie GoreBONNIE GORE
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Ryan GregoryRYAN GREGORY
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Carole GroomCAROLE GROOM
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Keith GrovesKEITH GROVES
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Greg HagwoodGREG HAGWOOD
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Heidi HallHEIDI HALL
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Erin HanniganERIN HANNIGAN
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
John HaschakJOHN HASCHAK
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
John HidahlJOHN HIDAHL
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Lynda HopkinsLYNDA HOPKINS
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Chris HowardCHRIS HOWARD
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Tod KimmelshueTOD KIMMELSHUE
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Ric LeutwylerRIC LEUTWYLER
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Kelly LongKELLY LONG
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Debra LuceroDEBRA LUCERO
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Rafael MandelmanRAFAEL MANDELMAN
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Tom McGowanTOM MCGOWAN
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Bruce McPhersonBRUCE MCPHERSON
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Buddy MendesBUDDY MENDES
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Miles MenetreyMILES MENETREY
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Sue NovaselSUE NOVASEL
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Trina OrrillTRINA ORRILL
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Craig PedersenCRAIG PEDERSEN
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
V Manuel PerezV MANUEL PEREZ
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
John PetersJOHN PETERS
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Jim ProvenzaJIM PROVENZA
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Robert RickmanROBERT RICKMAN
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Janice RutherfordJANICE RUTHERFORD
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Bruno SabatierBRUNO SABATIER
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Mary SackettMARY SACKETT
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Zack ScrivnerZACK SCRIVNER
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Amy ShuklianAMY SHUKLIAN
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Scott SilveiraSCOTT SILVEIRA
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Benjamin StopperBENJAMIN STOPPER
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Wendy TylerWENDY TYLER
ADVISOR, DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Nora VargasNORA VARGAS
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Doug VerboonDOUG VERBOON
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Das WilliamsDAS WILLIAMS
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Robert WilliamsROBERT WILLIAMS
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Chuck WinnCHUCK WINN
DIRECTOR (THRU 11/22)
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5
-
Terry WoodrowTERRY WOODROW
DIRECTOR
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 0.5 + 0.13 related
Compensation is as filed in Part VII: reportable pay from this organization and from related organizations, other compensation, and hours per week. The total, marked calculated, is our sum of the three dollar columns, with a blank column counted as $0; the form itself has no total. On a Form 990-EZ the columns are Part IV's instead, and on a Form 990-PF Part VIII's — compensation, contributions to benefit plans, and expense account — and the total sums those. A Schedule J breakdown is as filed: base pay, bonus, other, deferred compensation and nontaxable benefits from this organization, with any from related organizations beside each, and the filer's own total. It is shown with the Part VII listing of the same name on the same return. The form gives no key between the two, so that pairing is ours, and is marked matched by us.
Schedule J
Answered yes
- 3 · Independent compensation consultant
- 3 · Compensation survey or study
- 3 · Approval by the board or compensation committee
Answered no
- 4a · Severance or change-of-control payment
- 4b · Supplemental nonqualified retirement plan
- 4c · Equity-based compensation arrangement
- 5a · Pay contingent on this organization's revenues
- 5b · Pay contingent on a related organization's revenues
- 6a · Pay contingent on this organization's net earnings
- 6b · Pay contingent on a related organization's net earnings
- 7 · Other non-fixed payments
- 8 · Paid under the initial-contract exception
Part I's answers as filed. A line not listed was left unanswered; on lines 1a and 3 that means the box was not checked.
Grants on this return
-
CALIFORNIA COUNTIES FOUNDATION
$559,639
CSAC INSTITUTE FOR EXCELLENCE
-
INSTITUTE FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT
$80,000
GENERAL SUPPORT OF EDUCATIONAL OPERATIONS
Related organizations on this return
Schedule R Part II: tax-exempt organizations related to the filer by control. It does not record shared board members or money.
-
CALIFORNIA COUNTIES FOUNDATION
501(C)(3) · EDUCATE CITIZENS AND RESEARCH · CA · controlled entity
Directly controlled by COUNTY SUPERVISORS ASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA
-
501(C)(4) · PROVIDE FINANCING, INVESTING, INSURANCE AND PURCHASING SERVICES · CA · controlled entity
Directly controlled by COUNTY SUPERVISORS ASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA
Provenance
- Return type
- form_990
- Tax year
- 2022
- Filed
- 9 May 2024
- IRS schema version
- 2022v5.0
- Source object
- 202421309349302702
Check it against the return as filed: the GivingTuesday Data Lake hosts a public copy of the original XML.
The source document this was parsed from is served over the API, which is where bulk and document access live.