Form 990 for tax year 2024

Totals

Total revenue

$5,787,388

Total expenses

$7,041,539

Contributions and grants received

$5,591,057

Grants paid

$661,955

Program service revenue

$127,502

Investment income

$67,803

Other revenue

$1,026

Total assets, end of year

$2,426,112

Total liabilities, end of year

$3,387,259

Net assets or fund balances, end of year

-$961,147

Program services expenses (Part IX)

$5,644,921

Management and general expenses

$674,519

Fundraising expenses

$722,099

Program service expenses (Part III)

$5,644,921

Program services were 80.2% of total expenses calculated — Part IX's program-services column over total expenses, both as filed.

Line items

Every line the filer filed in Parts VIII, IX and X, as filed and in filed order. Blank columns are left out, and the lines are not forced to add up to the totals above.

Mission and programs · 2024

• NATIONAL HELPLINE:THE AUTISM SOCIETY'S NATIONAL HELPLINE PROVIDES INFORMATION AND REFERRAL SERVICES TO CONNECT THE AUTISM COMMUNITY TO THE RESOURCES THEY NEED. FROM 9AM-9PM EST MONDAY-FRIDAY, DEDICATED INFORMATION AND REFERRAL SPECIALISTS CONNECT WITH COMMUNITY MEMBERS BY EMAIL, PHONE, OR WEB MESSAGE TO OFFER SUPPORT, PROVIDE REFERRALS, AND SHARE RESOURCES AND TOOLS. THROUGH ITS NATIONAL HELPLINE AND AUTISMSOURCE A NATIONAL RESOURCE DATABASE, THE AUTISM SOCIETY PROVIDES AN ESSENTIAL SERVICE TO THOSE IN THE AUTISM COMMUNITY ACROSS THE LIFESPAN, FROM INITIAL IDENTIFICATION THROUGHOUT ADULTHOOD. IN 2024, THE NATIONAL HELPLINE ACCOMPLISHED THE FOLLOWING: PROVIDED INFORMATION & REFERRAL SERVICES TO OVER 10,898 CONSTITUENTS BY PHONE AND EMAIL. THE ORGANIZATION'S WEBSITE PROVIDED INFORMATION AND SUPPORT TO 84,577 USERS DURING THE YEAR. PROVIDED OVER 7,260 HOURS OF SERVICE TO THOSE IN NEED OF INFORMATION AND SUPPORT. MAINTAINED THE AUTISMSOURCE DATABASE WITH OVER 30,000 NATIONAL AND LOCAL RESOURCE LISTINGS ON WWW.AUTISMSOURCE.ORG, PROVIDING SELF-DIRECTED RESOURCE NAVIGATION TO INDIVIDUALS BASED ON LOCATION AND AREA OF NEED. THE MOST FREQUENTLY REQUESTED AREAS OF SUPPORT PERTAINED TO THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESSES AND PROVIDERS ACROSS THE LIFESPAN, ACCESS TO APPROPRIATE INTERVENTIONS AND THERAPIES, NAVIGATION OF ADULT SERVICE SYSTEMS, FAMILY SUPPORT, AND EDUCATIONAL ADVOCACY. 43% OF PEOPLE WHO CONTACTED THE NATIONAL HELPLINE IDENTIFY AS A PARENT OR CAREGIVER TO SOMEONE WITH AUTISM. 23% OF PEOPLE WHO CONTACTED THE NATIONAL HELPLINE IDENTIFY AS AN ADULT ON THE AUTISM SPECTRUM. 16% OF PEOPLE WHO CONTACTED THE NATIONAL HELPLINE IDENTIFY AS PROFESSIONALS. CUSTOMER SERVICE RESPONSES2024 QA OPTIONS: 81% OF RESPONDENTS RATED THEIR EXPERIENCE WITH THE I&R SPECIALIST AS EITHER EXCELLENT OR GOOD A STRONG ENDORSEMENT OF THE QUALITY AND CARE PROVIDED. 87% OF RESPONDENTS SAID THEY WOULD CONTACT THE AUTISM SOCIETY AGAIN A STRONG SIGN OF TRUST AND VALUE IN THE SUPPORT WE PROVIDE. 88% OF RESPONDENTS SAID THEY WOULD RECOMMEND THE AUTISM SOCIETY TO OTHERS A WONDERFUL REFLECTION OF THE IMPACT AND SUPPORT. 78% OF RESPONDENTS FOUND THE INFORMATION AND RESOURCES PROVIDED BY THE I&R SPECIALIST HELPFUL2024 TESTIMONIALS: I THOUGHT THAT I WOULD ONLY RECEIVE A LITTLE INFORMATION, AND SHE GAVE ME A DEEP DIVE INTO THE WORLD OF AUTISM. SHE WAS SO KIND AND HELPFUL! I APPRECIATED HER TAKING THE TIME AND LISTENING. THE EMAILED LIST OF RESOURCES HAS BEEN EXTREMELY HELPFUL IN OUR JOURNEY TO HELP MY BROTHER. I CAME TO XXXX WITH A DIFFICULT LEGAL CASE. OUR TEAM HAS HAD A HARD TIME FINDING RESOURCES FOR OUR CLIENT. XXXX SPOKE WITH ME, GAVE ME THE LANGUAGE I NEEDED, AND SENT ME AN EMAIL WITH THE CRITICAL RESOURCES WE NEEDED! XXXX IS AMAZING. SHE WAS VERY KNOWLEDGEABLE AND HELPFUL. SHE WAS DOWN TO EARTH AND GOT RIGHT TO THE POINT AND WAS HONEST ABOUT EVERYTHING SHE TOLD ME. I APPRECIATE HER HONESTY. XXXX RESPONDED TO MY REQUEST FOR INFORMATION SO QUICKLY AND WITH SO MANY HELPFUL LINKS! THE BEST HELP I'VE GOTTEN TO DATE LOOKING FOR INFO ON GETTING EVALUATED. THANK YOU! NATIONAL PROGRAMS:THROUGH ITS NATIONAL PROGRAMS, THE AUTISM SOCIETY OF AMERICA PROVIDES EDUCATION, TRAINING, RESOURCES, AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT TO ADDRESS KEY AREAS OF NEED WITHIN THE AUTISM COMMUNITY. IN 2024, THE AUTISM SOCIETY EXPANDED ITS IMPACT THROUGH ITS SAFETY, EMPLOYMENT, AND HEALTH EQUITY INITIATIVES. SAFETY ON THE SPECTRUMTHROUGH ITS SAFETY ON THE SPECTRUM: FIRST RESPONDER PROGRAM, THE AUTISM SOCIETY OF AMERICA IS LEADING A NATIONAL EFFORT TO PROMOTE SAFE AND EQUITABLE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FIRST RESPONDERS AND THE AUTISM COMMUNITY. LEVERAGING A "TRAIN-THE-TRAINER" APPROACH, THE AUTISM SOCIETY CONTINUES TO IMPACT POSITIVE CHANGE AT A NATIONAL LEVEL THROUGH GRASSROOTS EFFORTS AND LOCAL LEADERSHIP. KEY ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN 2024 INCLUDE: TRAINING DEVELOPMENT: THE SAFETY ON THE SPECTRUM LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING WAS DEVELOPED IN COLLABORATION WITH FIRST RESPONDERS, MEMBERS OF THE AUTISM COMMUNITY, PARENTS, SOCIAL WORKERS, AND LOCAL COMMUNITY LEADERS. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT: THE AUTISM SOCIETY OF AMERICA SERVED ON A PANEL TO ADDRESS KEY ISSUES IN POLICING IN THE INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES COMMUNITY AT THE POLICE EXECUTIVE RESEARCH FORUM. TEAM MEMBERS HOSTED A 2-HOUR WORKSHOP AT THE 2024 PROJECT LIFESAVER CONFERENCE AND TWO TRAINING SESSIONS FOR THE VIRGINA CRISIS INTERVENTION COALITION ON DE-ESCALATION STRATEGIES AND BEST PRACTICES WHEN INTERACTING WITH INDIVIDUALS WITH AUTISM. THROUGH ITS SAFETY ON THE SPECTRUM: WATER AND WANDERING PROGRAM, THE AUTISM SOCIETY IS LEADING A NATIONAL EFFORT TO INCREASE WATER SAFETY EDUCATION AND TRAINING ACROSS THE AUTISM COMMUNITY. THE PROGRAM WORKS TO PREVENT WANDERING-RELATED TRAGEDIES AND INCREASE WATER SAFETY SKILLS AMONG AUTISTIC INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR FAMILIES. KEY ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN 2024 INCLUDE: TRAINING DEVELOPMENT: SAFETY ON THE SPECTRUM: ACCESSIBLE AQUATICS LAUNCHED ITS OFFICIAL PILOT TRAINING AT MULTIPLE SITES. DATA WAS COLLECTED AND ANALYZED TO SUPPORT THE OFFICIAL PROGRAM LAUNCH. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT: THE AUTISM SOCIETY HOSTED MANY VIRTUAL AND IN-PERSON COMMUNITY EDUCATION AND AWARENESS EVENTS, INCLUDING PARENT WANDERING SAFETY TRAINING IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES TO ENSURE THE ACCESSIBILITY OF LIFESAVING INFORMATION FOR PARENTS AND CAREGIVERS, SAFETY PRESENTATIONS AT THE PROJECT LIFESAVER CONFERENCE, AND MANY NATIONAL WEBINARS TO SUPPORT WATER SAFETY AND WANDERING IN THE AUTISM AND DISABILITY COMMUNITY. RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT: WANDERING RESOURCE GUIDE, SAFETY TOOLKIT, WANDERING 1-PAGER IN ENGLISH AND SPANISH, ADDITIONALLY, THE AUTISM SOCIETY OF AMERICA PROVIDES TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE (TTA) TO LOCAL SITES ACROSS THE COUNTRY THROUGH THE FEDERAL KEVIN & AVONTE PROGRAM: REDUCING INJURY AND DEATH OF MISSING INDIVIDUALS WITH DEMENTIA AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES. IN 2024, THE AUTISM SOCIETY AND ITS PARTNERS, THE ARC'S NCCJD AND IACP PROVIDED LEADERSHIP AND COMMUNITY EDUCATION AND AWARENESS WITH A FOCUS ON PREVENTATIVE PROGRAMMING AND LOCATIVE TECHNOLOGY. THIS INCLUDED SEVERAL WEBINARS AND INFORMATION SESSIONS GUIDING BEST PRACTICES TO GRANTEE SITES THROUGHOUT THE NATION.EMPLOYMENT INITIATIVE:THE AUTISM SOCIETY'S EMPLOYMENT INITIATIVE STRENGTHENS CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE AUTISM COMMUNITY, EMPLOYERS AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS THROUGH TRAINING AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT TO ENSURE THAT AUTISTIC INDIVIDUALS CAN ACHIEVE FULFILLMENT THROUGH EMPLOYMENT AND HAVE ACCESS TO MEANINGFUL WORK EXPERIENCES WHERE THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS ARE VALUED. THROUGH THIS PROGRAM, THE AUTISM SOCIETY SEEKS TO BREAK DOWN BARRIERS, TRANSFORMING THE EMPLOYMENT LANDSCAPE, AND PROMOTE BEST PRACTICES TO FOSTER A FULFILLING APPROACH TO EMPLOYMENT AND CREATE INCLUSIVE WORK ENVIRONMENTS FOR AUTISTIC INDIVIDUALS NATIONWIDE. KEY ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN 2024 INCLUDE: RESEARCH: THE AUTISM SOCIETY CONTINUED WORK WITH OUR EMPLOYMENT TASK FORCE TO BRING TOGETHER LEADERS AT THE INTERSECTION OF AUTISM AND EMPLOYMENT ACROSS INDUSTRIES AND EXPERIENCES. THE TEAM EXAMINES AND IDENTIFIES KEY THEMES AND TRENDS, PROMISING PRACTICES, AND GAPS IN CURRENT RESEARCH TO INFORM ONGOING PLANNING. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT: THE AUTISM SOCIETY PRESENTED TO AND TRAINED VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONS THROUGHOUT THE YEAR TO ADVANCE INCLUSION AND AUTISM ACCEPTANCE IN THE WORKPLACE. THE EMPLOYMENT TEAM HOSTED A SERIES OF LISTENING SESSIONS TO AMPLIFY COMMUNITY EXPERIENCES, PROMOTE PROMISING PRACTICES AND MODELS, AND HIGHLIGHT A WIDE RANGE OF FIRSTHAND EXPERIENCES, CHALLENGES, AND ASPIRATIONS. RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT: THE AUTISM SOCIETY DEVELOPED 7 NEW ONLINE TRAINING RESOURCES IN OUR TRAINING AND RESOURCE CENTER TO SUPPORT ORGANIZATIONS AND EMPLOYERS WITH TOOLS TO BUILD AND IMPROVE GENERAL AND WORKPLACE ACCOMMODATIONS AND INCLUSIVE SUPPORTS FOR PEOPLE ON THE AUTISM SPECTRUM.HEALTH EQUITY: VACCINE EDUCATION INITIATIVETHE VACCINE EDUCATION INITIATIVE (VEI) ADDRESSES SYSTEMIC BARRIERS AND PROMOTES VACCINE EDUCATION, CONFIDENCE, AND ACCESS. THROUGH THE VEI, THE AUTISM SOCIETY STRIVES TO IMPROVE HEALTH BY ENSURING CHILDREN, ADULTS, AND SENIORS WITH DISABILITIES ARE INCLUDED AND SUPPORTED WITHIN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS. OUR VACCINE CLINIC MODEL HAS PROVEN TO INCREASE ACCESSIBILITY, REDUCE STRESS, AND IMPROVE OUTCOMES. THE AUTISM SOCIETY IS REWRITING THE VACCINE EXPERIENCE TO INCREASE ACCESSIBILITY, REDUCE TRAUMA, AND BUILD CONNECTED, SUPPORTIVE, AND INCLUSIVE COMMUNITIES. THE AUTISM SOCIETY CONTINUED WORKING WITH THE AGING AND DISABILITY VACCINE COLLABORATIVE TO ADVANCE THE PROVISION OF ACCESSIBLE AND INCLUSIVE CARE TO PATIENTS WITH AUTISM/IDD. THIS WORK ALSO INCLUDES HOSTING COMMUNITY EVENTS AND VACCINE CLINICS NATIONWIDE, INCLUDING THE PROVISION OF UNIQUE ACCESSIBLE VACCINE KITS, COMMUNICATIONS BOARDS, FACT SHEETS, SOCIAL STORIES, VISUAL SCHEDULES AND OTHER SUPPORTS IN BOTH ENGLISH AND SPANISH.

  Expenses $3,052,812 · Grants $556,261 · Revenue $128,528

• EDUCATION AND ACCEPTANCE:IN 2024, THE AUTISM SOCIETY OF AMERICA CONTINUED THE ONGOING EFFORTS OF ENSURING THAT INDIVIDUALS AND FAMILIES AFFECTED BY AUTISM RECEIVED UP-TO-DATE INFORMATION ABOUT ISSUES TO HELP ADVANCE THEIR WELL-BEING. OUR ENGAGEMENT CAMPAIGN INCLUDED: PROVIDED DAILY FACEBOOK POSTS TO OVER 611,000 FACEBOOK FOLLOWERS. PROVIDED DAILY TWITTER POSTS TO OVER 120,000 TWITTER FOLLOWERS. 200K+ PEOPLE ENGAGED WITH NATIONAL'S POSTS AND CONTENT ON SOCIAL MEDIA. SOCIAL MEDIA ENGAGEMENTS GENERATED OVER $225,000 IN FINANCIAL SUPPORT. FACEBOOK AND TWITTER SAW OVER 5 MILLION IMPRESSIONS. DISTRIBUTED A MONTHLY NEWSLETTER TO OVER 100,000 PEOPLE. OVER 100,000 PEOPLE WERE CONNECTED TO SUPPORTS AND SERVICES THROUGH OUR WEBSITE. APPROXIMATELY 900,000 PEOPLE ACCESSED RESOURCES AND EDUCATION MATERIALS THROUGH OUR WEBSITES THE AUTISM SOCIETY CREATED EDUCATIONAL CONTENT WITH SUPPORT FROM CORPORATE SPONSORS, SHARED DIGITALLY, THROUGH BROADCAST, AND RETAIL EXPERIENCES RESPECTIVELY.

  Expenses $1,338,147 · Grants $800

• AFFILIATE SERVICES:THE AUTISM SOCIETY SERVICES THE AFFILIATES DAILY BY PROVIDING RESOURCES AND GUIDANCE, DELIVERING NETWORK-WIDE AND AFFILIATE SPECIFIC TRAINING, PROVIDING LUNCH AND LEARNS AND VARIOUS DEVELOPMENT AND NETWORKING OPPORTUNITIES, THROUGH DEVELOPMENT OF AN AFFILIATE ONBOARDING HANDBOOK TO QUICKLY AND EFFICIENTLY ONBOARD NEW AFFILIATE LEADERS, BY CONDUCTING REGULAR CHECK-INS TO SEE HOW BEST WE CAN SUPPORT OUR AFFILIATES, THROUGH FACILITATING AND OVERSEEING GRANT OPPORTUNITIES, BY COORDINATING, FUNDING AND DELIVERING AN ANNUAL AFFILIATE CONFERENCE, PROVIDING DISASTER RELIEF SUPPORT, COORDINATING SPECIAL EVENTS AND ACTIVITIES, AND MORE. AS A TESTAMENT TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THIS INITIATIVE, AFFILIATE LEADERS SHOWED 90% AGREEMENT OF THE AUTISM SOCIETY'S COMMITMENT, ENGAGEMENT AND RESPONSIVENESS TO THE AFFILIATES. SPECIFIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN 2024 INCLUDE: 8,000 HOURS OF DIRECT SUPPORT TO AFFILIATES. ATTENDED 77 AFFILIATE EVENTS THROUGHOUT THE YEAR SUPPORTED 12 AFFILIATES IN-PERSON TO ADDRESS STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES FACILITATED AND LED 25 MEETINGS FOR THE AFFILIATE NETWORK RELATED TO UPDATES AND SPECIAL-TOPIC TRAININGS. PROVIDED A TWO-DAY INTENSIVE AFFILIATE CONFERENCE SUPPORTING NEURODIVERSITY, BELONGING, PROGRAMMING, ADVOCACY, SUCCESSION PLANNING, AND FUNDRAISING ATTENDED BY OVER 200 AFFILIATE REPRESENTATIVES FROM 53 AFFILIATES PROVIDED INDIVIDUALIZED TRAININGS TO 10 AFFILIATES OVER 160 PERIODIC AFFILIATE CHECK-INS.

  Expenses $656,983 · Grants $104,894

• PUBLIC POLICY: IN 2024, THE AUTISM SOCIETY OF AMERICA PRIORITIZED ADVANCING THE REAUTHORIZATION OF THE LANDMARK AUTISM-RELATED LEGISLATION, THE AUTISM CARES ACT. ADDITIONAL LEGISLATIVE PRIORITIES INCLUDED IMPROVING SPECIAL EDUCATION SERVICES, WATER AND WANDERING SAFETY, LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING, MENTAL HEALTH CRISIS RESPONSE, AND EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES.THROUGHOUT THE YEAR, THE POLICY TEAM MET WITH APPROXIMATELY 100 MEMBERS OF CONGRESS AND THEIR STAFF OVER THE COURSE OF 50 DAYS THROUGHOUT THE YEAR TO EDUCATE THEM ON THE AUTISM CARES ACT AND OTHER PRIORITY LEGISLATION. IN ADDITION, WE ENGAGED WITH ADMINISTRATION LEADERS ON KEY REGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE RELATED TO SAFETY, EDUCATION, AND HEALTH.THROUGH OUR BIWEEKLY NEWSLETTER AND REGULAR MEETINGS WITH OUR NETWORK OF 70+ AFFILIATES, THE POLICY TEAM KEPT CONSTITUENTS INFORMED ABOUT POLICY ISSUES AND RESOURCES. SOME OF OUR ADVOCATES ALSO ATTENDED THE DISABILITY POLICY SEMINAR IN APRIL. THIS EVENTCO-SPONSORED BY THE AUTISM SOCIETY AND SEVEN OTHER NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSBROUGHT TOGETHER MORE THAN 1,000 DISABILITY ADVOCATES FROM ACROSS THE UNITED STATES. ATTENDEES PARTICIPATED IN SESSIONS COVERING A WIDE RANGE OF POLICY TOPICS AND USED THE KNOWLEDGE GAINED TO ENGAGE IN BOTH VIRTUAL AND IN-PERSON MEETINGS WITH LEGISLATORS ON CAPITOL HILL, EFFECTIVELY EDUCATING THEM ABOUT THE NEEDS OF INDIVIDUALS WITH AUTISM.THE AUTISM SOCIETY ALSO HOSTED A BOOTH AT THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF STATE LEGISLATURES IN KENTUCKY, PROVIDING AN IMPORTANT OPPORTUNITY TO EDUCATE STATE LEGISLATORS ABOUT THE NEEDS OF THE AUTISM COMMUNITY.

  Expenses $596,979

As filed on the 2024 return. The filer continues this part on Schedule O, which is not shown here.

Listed in Part VII

Compensation is as filed in Part VII: reportable pay from this organization and from related organizations, other compensation, and hours per week. The total, marked calculated, is our sum of the three dollar columns, with a blank column counted as $0; the form itself has no total. On a Form 990-EZ the columns are Part IV's instead, and on a Form 990-PF Part VIII's — compensation, contributions to benefit plans, and expense account — and the total sums those. A Schedule J breakdown is as filed: base pay, bonus, other, deferred compensation and nontaxable benefits from this organization, with any from related organizations beside each, and the filer's own total. It is shown with the Part VII listing of the same name on the same return. The form gives no key between the two, so that pairing is ours, and is marked matched by us.

Schedule J

Part I's answers as filed. A line not listed was left unanswered; on lines 1a and 3 that means the box was not checked.

Grants on this return

• AUTISM SOCIETY OF TEXAS

  $62,716

  HUSSMAN GRANT AND AFFILIATE REIMBURSEMENT

• AUTISM SOCIETY OF SOUTH CENTRAL WISCONSIN

  $44,596

  HUSSMAN GRANT AND AFFILIATE REIMBURSEMENT

• AUTISM SOCIETY OF CENTRAL VIRGINIA

  $43,500

  SUPPLEMENTAL AFFILIATE REIMBURSEMENT

• THE ARC OF THE UNITED STATES

  $38,916

  SUBAWARD ACTIVITIES K&A GRANT

• AUTISM SOCIETY OF MINNESOTA

  $33,794

  HUSSMAN GRANT AND AFFILIATE REIMBURSEMENT

• AUTISM SOCIETY OF OREGON

  $33,124

  AFFILIATE REIMBURSEMENT

• AUTISM SOCIETY OF TIDEWATER

  $32,525

  AFFILIATE REIMBURSEMENT

• AUTISM SOCIETY OF GREATER DETROIT

  $31,981

  HUSSMAN GRANT AND AFFILIATE REIMBURSEMENT

• AUTISM SOCIETY OF COLORADO

  $31,346

  HUSSMAN GRANT AND AFFILIATE REIMBURSEMENT

• AUTISM SOCIETY OF SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN

  $30,000

  AFFILIATE REIMBURSEMENT

The 10 largest by cash amount. The API serves every itemized grant.

Related organizations on this return

Schedule R Part II: tax-exempt organizations related to the filer by control. It does not record shared board members or money.

• AUTISM SOCIETY OF AMERICA FOUNDATION

  501(C)(3) · RESEARCH AND EDUCATION · DC

Provenance

Return type

form_990

Tax year

2024

Filed

7 November 2025

IRS schema version

2024v5.2

Source object

202533149349304588

Check it against the return as filed: the GivingTuesday Data Lake hosts a public copy of the original XML.

The source document this was parsed from is served over the API, which is where bulk and document access live.