Totals
- Total revenue
- $841,972,514
- Total expenses
- $628,859,678
- Contributions and grants received
- $1,628,937
- Grants paid
- $578,362
- Program services expenses (Part IX)
- $593,798,425
- Management and general expenses
- $35,061,253
- Fundraising expenses
- $0
- Program service expenses (Part III)
- $593,798,425
Program services were 94.4% of total expenses calculated — Part IX's program-services column over total expenses, both as filed.
Listed in Part VII
-
Margaret Dixon Harrell
Vice Chair
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 1 + 6 related
-
Sean Chou
Chair
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 1 + 6 related
-
Adam Schriedel
Trustee
- Total calculated
- $472,936
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $438,288
- Other
- $34,648
- Hours/week
- 1 + 39 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $418,016 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $15,548 related
- Other
- $0 + $4,724 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $14,850 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $19,798 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $472,936 related
-
Brad Cutler
Trustee
- Total calculated
- $432,676
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $388,066
- Other
- $44,610
- Hours/week
- 1 + 39 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $387,405 related
- Bonus
- $0
- Other
- $0 + $661 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $14,850 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $29,760 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $432,676 related
-
Christine Jeffries
Trustee
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 1 + 5 related
-
David Morrissey
Trustee
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 1 + 5 related
-
Elizabeth Aquino
Trustee
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 1 + 6 related
-
Joseph Dant
CEO, South Region/Trustee
- Total calculated
- $1,151,360
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $995,003
- Other
- $156,357
- Hours/week
- 1 + 40 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $716,567 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $117,223 related
- Other
- $0 + $161,214 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $125,052 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $31,305 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $1,151,360 related
-
Mark Gomez
Trustee
- Total calculated
- $510,123
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $465,103
- Other
- $45,020
- Hours/week
- 1 + 39 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $459,315 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $4,185 related
- Other
- $0 + $1,603 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $14,850 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $30,170 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $510,122 related
-
Michael Hoffman
Trustee
- Total calculated
- $479,215
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $441,586
- Other
- $37,629
- Hours/week
- 1 + 45 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $421,570 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $14,540 related
- Other
- $0 + $5,476 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $14,850 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $22,779 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $479,215 related
-
Ram Shivakumar
Trustee
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 1 + 6 related
-
Ravi Nemivant
Trustee
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 1 + 5 related
-
Robert Platt
Trustee
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 1 + 5 related
-
Tom S Lee
Trustee
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 1 + 5 related
-
Valerie Cahill
Trustee
- Total calculated
- $0
- Hours/week
- 1 + 6 related
-
Walter Whang
Trustee
- Total calculated
- $575,920
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $525,889
- Other
- $50,031
- Hours/week
- 1 + 39 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $519,019 related
- Bonus
- $0
- Other
- $0 + $6,870 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $14,850 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $35,181 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $575,921 related
-
Chris J Mollet
System Chief Legal Officer/Secretary (until 3/31/23)
- Total calculated
- $1,016,097
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $859,893
- Other
- $156,204
- Hours/week
- 1 + 48 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $178,687 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $100,906 related
- Other
- $0 + $580,299 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $149,148 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $7,056 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $1,016,097 related
-
Denise Chamberlain
CFO, South Region/Treasurer (until 12/15/23)
- Total calculated
- $1,494,552
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $1,336,373
- Other
- $158,179
- Hours/week
- 1 + 47 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $634,519 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $111,224 related
- Other
- $0 + $590,629 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $144,204 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $13,975 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $1,494,552 related
-
Douglas D Welday
System Chief Financial Officer
- Total calculated
- $2,034,913
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $1,750,748
- Other
- $284,165
- Hours/week
- 1 + 54 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $861,244 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $869,308 related
- Other
- $0 + $20,196 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $257,414 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $26,751 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $2,034,913 related
-
Gerald P Gallagher
System President & CEO
- Total calculated
- $6,283,528
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $4,100,532
- Other
- $2,182,996
- Hours/week
- 1 + 55 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $1,988,061 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $2,102,878 related
- Other
- $0 + $9,594 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $2,145,878 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $37,118 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $6,283,529 related
-
Jason Ogden
Assistant Treasurer
- Total calculated
- $518,034
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $475,130
- Other
- $42,904
- Hours/week
- 1 + 39 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $318,037 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $128,318 related
- Other
- $0 + $28,775 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $14,850 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $28,054 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $518,035 related
-
Shivani Bautista
System Chief Legal Officer/Secretary
- Total calculated
- $701,764
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $655,182
- Other
- $46,582
- Hours/week
- 1 + 48 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $508,779 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $145,031 related
- Other
- $0 + $1,371 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $14,850 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $31,732 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $701,763 related
-
Catherine Smith
VP, Operations
- Total calculated
- $356,718
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $322,651
- Other
- $34,067
- Hours/week
- 1 + 39 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $281,190 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $9,674 related
- Other
- $0 + $31,787 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $14,519 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $19,548 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $356,718 related
-
Daniel Sullivan
Co-Chief Physician Exec (until 2/28/23)
- Total calculated
- $969,208
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $821,515
- Other
- $147,693
- Hours/week
- 1 + 40 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $109,501 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $94,062 related
- Other
- $0 + $617,952 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $145,440 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $2,253 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $969,209 related
-
Marianne Spencer
VP, Operations (left)
- Total calculated
- $729,970
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $610,636
- Other
- $119,334
- Hours/week
- 1 + 39 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $436,813 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $62,248 related
- Other
- $0 + $111,575 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $89,832 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $29,502 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $729,970 related
-
Michael O'Shea
VP, Operations
- Total calculated
- $276,086
- From this org
- $262,045
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $14,041
- Hours/week
- 40
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $218,641
- Bonus
- $7,486
- Other
- $35,919
- Deferred
- $11,792
- Nontaxable benefits
- $2,249
- Filer's total
- $276,086
-
Patricia Fairbanks
CNO, Edward Hospital
- Total calculated
- $375,016
- From this org
- $337,693
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $37,323
- Hours/week
- 40
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $268,685
- Bonus
- $35,750
- Other
- $33,257
- Deferred
- $14,850
- Nontaxable benefits
- $22,473
- Filer's total
- $375,016
-
Philip C Williams
VP, Pharmacy
- Total calculated
- $461,211
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $417,622
- Other
- $43,589
- Hours/week
- 1 + 39 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $291,051 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $75,331 related
- Other
- $0 + $51,240 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $14,850 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $28,739 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $461,211 related
-
Robert Payton
CMO, Edward Hospital
- Total calculated
- $670,698
- From this org
- $532,824
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $137,874
- Hours/week
- 40
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $470,933
- Bonus
- $61,292
- Other
- $599
- Deferred
- $106,485
- Nontaxable benefits
- $31,389
- Filer's total
- $670,698
-
Yvette M Saba
President, Edward Hospital
- Total calculated
- $974,831
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $882,911
- Other
- $91,920
- Hours/week
- 38 + 2 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $452,134 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $62,985 related
- Other
- $0 + $367,791 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $65,990 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $25,930 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $974,831 related
-
Benjamin Garcia
Physician
- Total calculated
- $640,353
- From this org
- $595,500
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $44,853
- Hours/week
- 40
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $590,706
- Bonus
- $3,823
- Other
- $971
- Deferred
- $14,850
- Nontaxable benefits
- $30,003
- Filer's total
- $640,354
-
Guy Miller
Physician
- Total calculated
- $615,579
- From this org
- $567,209
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $48,370
- Hours/week
- 40
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $565,166
- Bonus
- $500
- Other
- $1,543
- Deferred
- $14,850
- Nontaxable benefits
- $33,520
- Filer's total
- $615,579
-
Peter T Schubel
Med Director II
- Total calculated
- $605,405
- From this org
- $559,047
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $46,358
- Hours/week
- 40
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $554,025
- Bonus
- $2,647
- Other
- $2,376
- Deferred
- $14,850
- Nontaxable benefits
- $31,508
- Filer's total
- $605,405
-
Scott Padalik
Physician
- Total calculated
- $595,808
- From this org
- $547,851
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $47,957
- Hours/week
- 40
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $545,153
- Bonus
- $0
- Other
- $2,698
- Deferred
- $14,850
- Nontaxable benefits
- $33,107
- Filer's total
- $595,808
-
Sina Memari
Physician
- Total calculated
- $564,176
- From this org
- $542,565
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $21,611
- Hours/week
- 40
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $540,878
- Bonus
- $750
- Other
- $938
- Deferred
- $14,850
- Nontaxable benefits
- $6,761
- Filer's total
- $564,176
-
Bradley Hlavacek
Former Key Employee
- Total calculated
- $213,909
- From this org
- $177,681
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $36,228
- Hours/week
- 40
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $170,356
- Bonus
- $7,095
- Other
- $230
- Deferred
- $7,996
- Nontaxable benefits
- $28,232
- Filer's total
- $213,909
-
Ellen Turnbull
Former Key Employee
- Total calculated
- $211,846
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $193,814
- Other
- $18,032
- Hours/week
- 1 + 40 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $174,517 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $6,415 related
- Other
- $0 + $12,882 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $8,722 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $9,310 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $211,846 related
-
Kevin Rehder
Former Key Employee
- Total calculated
- $235,541
- From this org
- $198,623
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $36,918
- Hours/week
- 40
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $190,350
- Bonus
- $7,430
- Other
- $843
- Deferred
- $8,938
- Nontaxable benefits
- $27,980
- Filer's total
- $235,541
-
Mary Lou Mastro
Former Officer
- Total calculated
- $2,993,353
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $2,978,503
- Other
- $14,850
- Hours/week
- 0
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $20,192 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $196,875 related
- Other
- $0 + $2,761,436 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $14,850 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0
- Filer's total
- $0 + $2,993,353 related
-
Ryan Garland
Former Key Employee
- Total calculated
- $262,150
- From this org
- $223,431
- From related orgs
- $0
- Other
- $38,719
- Hours/week
- 40 + 1 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $190,645
- Bonus
- $7,257
- Other
- $25,528
- Deferred
- $10,054
- Nontaxable benefits
- $28,665
- Filer's total
- $262,150
-
William Wallin
Former Key Employee
- Total calculated
- $208,792
- From this org
- $0
- From related orgs
- $170,325
- Other
- $38,467
- Hours/week
- 1 + 39 related
Schedule J breakdown matched by us
- Base
- $0 + $157,951 related
- Bonus
- $0 + $200 related
- Other
- $0 + $12,174 related
- Deferred
- $0 + $7,665 related
- Nontaxable benefits
- $0 + $30,802 related
- Filer's total
- $0 + $208,792 related
Compensation is as filed in Part VII: reportable pay from this organization and from related organizations, other compensation, and hours per week. The total, marked calculated, is our sum of the three dollar columns, with a blank column counted as $0; the form itself has no total. On a Form 990-EZ the columns are Part IV's instead — compensation, contributions to benefit plans, and expense account — and the total sums those. A Schedule J breakdown is as filed: base pay, bonus, other, deferred compensation and nontaxable benefits from this organization, with any from related organizations beside each, and the filer's own total. It is shown with the Part VII listing of the same name on the same return. The form gives no key between the two, so that pairing is ours, and is marked matched by us.
Schedule J
Answered yes
- 1a · Tax indemnification and gross-up payments
- 1a · Health or social club dues or initiation fees
- 1b · Written policy on the line-1a expenses
- 2 · Substantiation required before reimbursing expenses
- 4a · Severance or change-of-control payment
- 4b · Supplemental nonqualified retirement plan
- 6a · Pay contingent on this organization's net earnings
- 7 · Other non-fixed payments
Answered no
- 4c · Equity-based compensation arrangement
- 5a · Pay contingent on this organization's revenues
- 5b · Pay contingent on a related organization's revenues
- 6b · Pay contingent on a related organization's net earnings
- 8 · Paid under the initial-contract exception
The filer's explanations (Part III)
- Schedule J, Part I, Line 1a Tax indemnification and gross-up payments
- The organization's officers and certain key employees are offered life insurance and long-term disability benefits. A transition bonus is paid to certain executives that no longer receive a gross-up payment to cover the tax impacts for life insurance and long-term disability.
- Schedule J, Part I, Line 1a Health or social club dues or initiation fees
- ALL EMPLOYEES ARE OFFERED A MEMBERSHIP AT THE EDWARD HEALTH & FITNESS CENTER, AN AFFILIATE OF EDWARD-ELMHURST HEALTHCARE, AS A TAXABLE EMPLOYEE BENEFIT. THE VALUE OF THIS BENEFIT IS DETERMINED BASED UPON THE FAIR MARKET VALUE OF THESE MEMBERSHIPS, WHICH IS IN TURN DETERMINED BASED UPON THE ACTUAL AMOUNT THAT THE EDWARD HEALTH & FITNESS CENTER CHARGES TO OTHER CORPORATE CUSTOMERS.
- Schedule J, Part I, Line 3 Arrangement used to establish the top management official's compensation
- A detailed compensation review of the top executives, including the Chief Executive Officer, is conducted annually. Market data is collected and assessed by an external independent compensation consultant who specializes in compensation consulting within the healthcare industry. The work product from this study is reviewed separately with Endeavor Health legal counsel. Market data for base and variable compensation is assessed annually for integrated delivery systems and academic medical centers that are similar in size and complexity. The market assessment includes assessing job content in order to make appropriate market data comparisons. Specific recommendations are then reviewed, discussed and approved as appropriate with the Endeavor Health Compensation Committee, in session with legal counsel present, in advance of implementation.
- Schedule J, Part I, Line 4a Severance or change-of-control payment
- The following individuals received severance payments based upon mutually agreed-upon separation agreement entered into with the organization: Chris Mollet - $444,092 Daniel Sullivan - $485,197 Mary Lou Mastro - $2,761,436
- Schedule J, Part I, Line 4b Supplemental nonqualified retirement plan
- The following individuals participated in a supplemental nonqualified retirement plan and below are the increases to the plan balances during 2023: Robert Payton - $91,635 Joseph Dant - $110,202 Yvette Saba - $51,140 Marianne Spencer - $74,982 Chris Mollet - $134,298 Daniel Sullivan - $130,590 Denise Chamberlain - $129,354 Gerald P Gallagher - $1,707,569 Douglas D Welday - $77,789 The following individuals received payments from a supplemental nonqualified retirement plan reported as taxable compensation: Chris Mollet - $134,298 Daniel Sullivan - $130,590 Denise Chamberlain - $583,558 Joseph Dant - $158,850 Marianne Spencer - $107,733 Yvette Saba - $364,695
- Schedule J, Part I, Line 6a Compensation contingent on net earnings of the organization
- Edward Hospital administers the Productivity Bonus Plan (PBP), an annual incentive compensation program for Edward Hospital Emergency Department physician employees. Participants on the PBP receive distributions from the bonus pool determined using a formula that is calculated utilizing Work RVU's. In administering the PBP, Edward Hospital Senior Administration, in conjunction with ED Physician Leadership, obtain Edward-Elmhurst Healthcare (EEH) Physician Compensation Committee approval of the Plan structure each year. The plan administrator reserves the right to modify any bonuses to be paid out under this Plan to ensure total compensation paid is at fair market value, consistent with Edward Hospital physician compensation policies. If total compensation is above the 75th percentile of independent market data, such compensation must be approved by the EEH Physician Compensation Committee.
- Schedule J, Part I, Line 7 Non-fixed payments
- SCHEDULE J, PART 1, LINE 7 IS ANSWERED YES BECAUSE CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS, WHOSE SALARY AND BENEFITS ARE PAID BY THE REPORTING ORGANIZATION OR A RELATED ORGANIZATION, RECEIVED A NONFIXED PAYMENT (BONUS) DURING THE YEAR. THE NON-FIXED PAYMENTS ARE INCLUDED IN SCHEDULE J, PART II, COLUMN B(II) AS BONUSES. THE BONUS AMOUNTS DETERMINED ARE BASED ON A FIXED PERCENTAGE OF BASE COMPENSATION, HOWEVER THEY ARE DISCRETIONARY IN NATURE, IN THAT DISCRETION IS GIVEN AS TO WHETHER OR NOT A BONUS WILL BE PAID FOR THE REPORTING PERIOD.
Part I's answers as filed. A line not listed was left unanswered; on lines 1a and 3 that means the box was not checked.
Grants on this return
-
$119,000
general support
-
$30,000
general support
-
general support
-
$14,500
general support
-
general support
-
general support
-
$6,000
general support
-
general support
Related organizations on this return
Schedule R Part II: tax-exempt organizations related to the filer by control. It does not record shared board members or money.
-
NAPERVILLE PSYCHIATRIC VENTURES
501(c)(3) · HOSPITAL · IL · controlled entity
Directly controlled by Edward Health Ventures
-
501(c)(3) · SUPPORTING ORG · IL · controlled entity
Directly controlled by Edward-Elmhurst Health
-
501(c)(3) · FUNDRAISING · IL · controlled entity
Directly controlled by Edward-Elmhurst Health
-
EDWARD HEALTH & FITNESS CENTER
501(c)(3) · HEALTH CARE · IL · controlled entity
Directly controlled by Edward Health Ventures
-
501(c)(3) · PARENT CORPORATION · IL
Directly controlled by Endeavor Health
-
501(c)(3) · HEALTH CARE · IL · controlled entity
Directly controlled by Edward Hospital
-
501(c)(3) · HOSPITAL · IL · controlled entity
Directly controlled by Elmhurst Memorial Healthcare
-
ELMHURST MEMORIAL HOSPITAL FOUNDATION
501(c)(3) · FUNDRAISING · IL · controlled entity
Directly controlled by Elmhurst Memorial Hospital
-
501(c)(3) · SUPPORTING ORG · IL · controlled entity
Directly controlled by Edward-Elmhurst Healthcare
-
501(c)(3) · HEALTHCARE · IL · controlled entity
Directly controlled by Endeavor Health Clinical Operations
-
Endeavor Health Clinical Operations
501(c)(3) · HEALTHCARE · IL · controlled entity
Directly controlled by Endeavor Health Clinical Operations
-
501(c)(3) · HEALTHCARE · IL · controlled entity
Directly controlled by Endeavor Health Clinical Operations
-
501(c)(3) · HOSPITAL · IL · controlled entity
Directly controlled by Endeavor Health Clinical Operations
-
SWEDISH COVENANT HOSPITAL FOUNDATION
501(c)(3) · SUPPORT OF SWEDISH COVENANT HOSPITAL · IL · controlled entity
Directly controlled by SWEDISH COVENANT HEALTH
-
NORTHWEST COMMUNITY HEALTHCARE
501(c)(3) · SUPPORT OF NORTHWEST COMMUNITY HEALTHCARE · IL · controlled entity
Directly controlled by Endeavor Health Clinical Operations
-
501(c)(3) · HOSPITAL · IL · controlled entity
Directly controlled by NORTHWEST COMMUNITY HEALTHCARE
-
NORTHWEST COMMUNITY HOSPITAL FOUNDATION
501(c)(3) · FUNDRAISING · IL · controlled entity
Directly controlled by NORTHWEST COMMUNITY HEALTHCARE
-
501(c)(3) · HEALTHCARE SYSTEM PARENT · IL
Directly controlled by Endeavor Health
Provenance
- Return type
- form_990
- Tax year
- 2023
- Filed
- 14 November 2024
- IRS schema version
- 2023v5.1
- Source object
- 202403199349313235
Check it against the return as filed: the GivingTuesday Data Lake hosts a public copy of the original XML.
The source document this was parsed from is served over the API, which is where bulk and document access live.